Herbal Antibiotics: Natural Alternatives for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria (65 page)

Santiesteban-López, A., et al. Susceptibility of food-borne bacteria to binary combinations of antimicrobials at selected a(w) and pH.
J Appl Microbiol
102, no. 2 (2007): 486–97.

Sarac, N., et al. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of
Origanum onites
L.,
Origanum vulgare
L. subspecies
hirtum
(Link) Ietswaart,
Satureja thymbra
L., and
Thymus cilicicus
Boiss. & Bal. growing wild in Turkey.
J Med Food
11, no. 3 (2008): 568–73.

Saxena, S., et al. Antimalarial agents from plant sources.
Current Science
85, no. 9 (2003): 1314–29.

Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., et al. A new antifungal and antiprotozoal depside from the Andean lichen
Protousnea poeppigii
.
Phytother Res
22, no. 3 (2008): 349–55.

Sharma, A., et al. Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants against pathogens causing complicated urinary tract infections.
Indian J Pharm Sci
71, no. 2 (2009): 136–39.

Sharma, A., et al. Vibriocidal activity of certain medicinal plants used in Indian folklore medicine by tribals of Mahakoshal region of central India.
Indian J Pharmacol
41, no. 3 (2009): 129–33.

Spelman, K., et al. Modulation of cytokine: expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators.
Altern Med Rev
11, no. 2 (2006): 128–50.

Stavri, M., et al. Bacterial efflux pump inhibitors from natural sources.
J Antimicrob Chemother
59, no. 6 (2007): 1247–60.

Stermitz, F. R., et al. Polyacylated neohesperidosides from
Geranium caespitosum
: bacterial multidrug resistance pump inhibitors.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett
13, no. 11 (2003): 1915–18.

Tay, T., et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the acetone extract of the lichen
Ramalina farinacea
and its (+)-usnic acid, norstictic acid, and protocetraric acid constituents.
Z Naturforsch C
59, no. 5–6 (2004): 384–88.

Tegos, G., et al. Multidrug pump inhibitors uncover remarkable activity of plant antimicrobials.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
46, no. 10 (2002): 3133–41.

Thakurta, P., et al. Antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of
Azadirachta indica
used to treat cholera and diarrhea in India.
J Ethnopharmacol
111, no. 3 (2007): 607–12.

Velázquez, C., et al. Antisecretory activity of plants used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in Mexico.
J Ethnopharmacol
103, no. 1 (2006): 66–70.

Vijayakumar, C. S., et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of (+)-usnic acid.
Fitoterapia
71, no. 5 (2000): 564–66.

Voravuthikunchai, S. P., et al. Medicinal plant extracts as anti-
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 agents and their effects on bacterial cell aggregation.
J Food Prot
69, no. 10 (2006): 2336–41.

Willcox, M. L., et al. Traditional herbal medicines for malaria.
BMJ
329 (2004): 1156–59.

Wongsamitkul, N., et al. A plant-derived hydrolysable tannin inhibits CFTR chloride channel: a potential treatment of diarrhea.
Pharm Res
27, no. 3 (2010): 490–97.

Yoshino, N., et al. Co-administration of cholera toxin and apple polyphenol extracts as a novel and safe mucosal adjuvant strategy.
Vaccine
27, no. 35 (2009): 4808–17.

Zampini, I. C., et al. Antibacterial activity of
Zuccagnia
Cav. ethanolic extracts.
J Ethnopharmacol
102, no. 3 (2005): 450–56.

Abo, K. A., et al. Antimicrobial screening of
Bridelia micrantha
,
Alchornea cordifolia
and
Boerhavia diffusa
.
Afr J Med Med Sci
28, no. 3–4 (1999): 167–69.

Adedapo, A. A., et al. Effects of some plants of the spurge family on haematological and biochemical parameters in rats.
Vet Arhiv
77, no. 1 (2007): 29–38.

Adeshina, G. O., et al. Pharmacognostic studies of the leaf of
Alchornea cordifolia
(Euphorbiaceae) found in Abuja.
Nigerian J Pharma Sci
7, no. 1 (2008): 29–35.

Adeshina, G. O., et al. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of the ethyl acetate extract of
Alchornea cordifolia
leaf found in Abuja, Nigeria.
J Med Plants Res
4, no. 8 (2010): 649–58.

Adewunmi, C. O., et al. Ethno-veterinary medicine: screenings of Nigerian medicinal plants for trypanocidal properties.
J Ethnopharmacol
77, no. 1 (2001): 19–24.

Agbor, G. A., et al. Medicinal plants can be good source of antioxidants: case study in Cameroon.
Pakistan J Biol Sci
10, no. 4 (2007): 537–44.

Agbor, K., et al. The antidiarrhoeal activity of
Alchornea cordifolia
leaf extract,
Phytother Res
18, no. 11 (2004): 873–76.

Akoachere, J. F., et al. Antibacterial effect of
Zingiber officinale
and
Garcinia kola
on respiratory tract pathogens.
East Afr Med J
79, no. 11 (2002): 588–92.

Al-Waili, N. S. Investigating the antimicrobial activity of natural honey and its effects on the pathogenic bacterial infections of surgical wounds and conjunctiva.
J Med Fosod
7, no. 2 (2004): 210–22.

Anonymous. Agriculture ministry asked to review “hazardous” herb listing. MCOT.net (Thailand), February 18, 2009.
http://enews.mcot.net/view.php?id=8668
.

Anonymous. Falciparum malaria: New findings from University of Antwerp in the area of falciparum malaria published.
Malaria Weekly
, April 28, 2008.
http://newsrx.com/newsletters/Malaria-Weekly/2008-04-28/26042820083MW.html
.

Ayisi, N. K., et al. Comparative in vitro effects of AZT and extracts of
Ocimum gratissimum
,
Ficus polita
,
Clausena anistata
,
Alchornea cordifolia
, and
Elaeophorbia drupifera
against HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections.
Antiviral Res
58, no. 1 (2003): 25–33.

Banzouzi, J. T., et al. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts of
Alchornea cordifolia
and identification of an active constituent: ellagic acid.
J Ethnopharmacol
81, no. 3 (2002): 399–401.

Bayor, M. T., et al.
Alchornea cordifolia
(Euphorbiaceae), the major constituent of antiasthmatic herbal formulations.
J Ghana Sci Assoc
10, no. 2 (2008): 1.

Bum, E. N., et al. Validation of anticonvulsant and sedative activity of six medicinal plants.
Epilepsy Behav
14, no. 3 (2009): 454–58.

Ebi, G. C. Antimicrobial activities of
Alchornea cordifolia
.
Filoterapia
72, no. 1 (2001): 69–72.

Eliakim-Ikechukwu, C. F., et al. Histological changes in the pancreas following administration of ethanolic extract of
Alchornea cordifolia
leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats.
Niger J Physiol Sci
24, no. 2 (2009): 153–55.

Eliakim-Ikechukwu, C. F., et al. The effect of aqueous ethanolic extract of
Alchornea cordifolia
leaf on the histology of the aorta of Wistar rats.
Niger J Physiol Sci
24, no. 2 (2009): 149–51.

Farombi, E. O. African indigenous plants with chemotherapeutic potentials and biotechnology approach to the production of bioactive prophylactic agents.
Afr J Biotechnol
2, no. 12 (2003): 662–71.

Farombi, E. O., et al. Antioxidant properties of extracts from
Alchornea laxiflora
(Benth) Pax and Hoffman.
Phytother Res
17, no. 7 (2003): 713–16.

Gatsing, D., et al. Antibacterial activity, bioavailability and acute toxicity evaluation of the leaf extract of
Alchornea cordifolia
(Euphorbiaceae).
Int J Pharmacol
6, no. 3 (2010): 173–82.

Guédé, N. Z., et al. Ethnopharmacological study of plants used to treat malaria, in traditional medicine, by Bete populations of Issia (Côte d'Ivoire).
J Pharm Sci & Res
2, no. 4 (2010): 216–27.

Igbeneghu, O. A., et al. A study of the in vivo activity of the leaf extract of
Alchornea cordifolia
against multiply antibiotic resistant
S. aureus
isolates in mice.
Phytother Res
21, no. 1 (2007): 67–71.

Ismaila, O., et al. Evaluation of antistress potential and phytochemical constituents of aqueous root extract of
Alchornea cordifolia
.
Asian J Sci Res
1, no. 4 (2008): 476–80.

Kleiman, R., et al.
Alchornea cordifolia
seed oil: a rich source of a new C20 epoxide, (+)cis-14, 15-epoxy-cis-11-eicosenoic acid.
Lipids
12, no. 7 (1977): 610–12.

Kouakou-Siransy, G., et al. Effects of
Alchornea cordifolia
on elastase and superoxide anion produced by human neutrophils.
Pharm Biol
48, no. 2 (2010): 128–33.

Manga, H. M., et al. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of
Alchornea cordifolia
(Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae).
J Ethnopharmacol
92, no. 2–3 (2004): 209–14.

Mavar-Manga, H., et al.
Alchornea cordifolia
(Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg.
Prota
11, no. 1 (2007): 1–10.

Mavar-Manga, H., et al. Anti-inflammatory compounds from leaves and root bark of
Alchornea cordifolia
(Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg.
J Ethnopharmacol
115, no. 1 (2008): 25–29.

Mavar-Manga, H., et al. N1, N2, N3-trisisopentenyl guanidine and N1, N2-dilsopentenyl guanidine, two cytotoxic alkaloids from
Alchornea cordifolia
(Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) root barks.
Nat Prod Commun
1, no. 12 (2006): 1097–100.

Mesia, G. K., et al. Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic screening of 45 plant extracts from Democratic Republic of Congo.
J Ethnopharmacol
115, no. 3 (2008): 409–15.

Moshi, M. J., et al. The ethnomedicine of the Haya people of Bugabo Ward, Kagera Region, north western Tanzania.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
5 (2009): 24.

Mpiana, P. T., et al. In vitro antidrepanocytary activity (anti-sickle cell anemia) of some Congolese plants.
Phytomedicine
14, no. 2–3 (2007): 192–95.

Nworu, C. S., et al. Activation of murine lymphocytes and modulation of macrophage functions by fractions of
Alchornea cordifolia
(Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract.
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol
32, no. 1 (2010): 28–36.

Ogundipe, O. O., et al. Bioactive chemical constituents from
Alchornea laxiflora
(Benth.) Pax and Hoffman.
J Ethnopharm
74, no. 3 (2001): 275–80.

Ogundipe, O. O., et al. Biological activities of
Alchornea laxiflora
extractives. In
Standardization and utilization of herbal medicines: challenges of the 21st century
, 201–8. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Herbal Medicine Products, Ibadan, Nigeria, November 22–24, 1998. Available from CAB Direct,
http://cabdirect.org/abstracts/20043041503.html
.

Okeke, I. N., et al. Antimicrobial spectrum of
Alchornea cordifolia
leaf extract.
Phytother Res
13, no. 1 (1999): 67–69.

Okpuzor, J., et al. The potential of medicinal plants in sickle cell disease control: A review.
Int J Biomed Health Sci
4, no. 2 (2008): 47.

Okwu, D. E., et al. Isolation, characterization and antibacterial activity screening of anthocyanidine glycosides from
Alchornea cordifolia
(Schumach. and Thonn.) Müll. Arg. leaves.
E–J Chem
7, no. 1 (2010): 41–48.

Olaleye, M. T., et al. Acetaminophen-induced liver damage in mice: effects of some medicinal plants on the oxidative defense system.
Exp Toxicol Pathol
59, no. 5 (2008): 319–27.

Olaleye, M. T., et al. Commonly used tropical medicinal plants exhibit distinct in vitro antioxidant activities against hepatotoxins in rat liver.
Exp Toxicol Pathol
58, no. 6 (2007): 433–38.

Osadebe, P. O., et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of crude methanolic extract and fractions of
Alchornea cordifolia
leaves.
J Ethnopharmacol
89, no. 1 (2003): 19–24.

Oyewale, A. O., et al. Cytotoxic correlation of some traditional medicinal plants using brine shrimp lethality test.
ChemClass J
1 (2004): 110–12.

Pesewu, G. A., et al. Antibacterial activity of plants used in traditional medicines of Ghana with particular reference to MRSA.
J Ethnopharmacol
116, no. 1 (2008): 102–11.

Soh, P. N., et al. In vitro and in vivo properties of ellagic acid in malaria treatment.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
53, no. 3 (2009): 1100–1106.

Tanaka, Y., et al. Antibacterial compounds of licorice against upper airway respiratory tract pathogens.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol
(Tokyo) 47, no. 3 (2011): 270–73.

Tona, L., et al. Antiamoebic and phytochemical screening of some Congolese medicinal plants.
J Ethnopharmacol
61, no. 1 (1998): 57–65.

Tona, L., et al. Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo.
Phytomedicine
7, no. 1 (2000): 31–38.

Tona, L., et al. Biological screening of traditional preparations from some medicinal plants used as antidiarrhoeal in Kinshasa, Congo,
Phytomedicine
6, no. 1 (1999): 59–66.

Umukoro, S., et al. Evaluation of the anti-stress and anticonvulsant activities of leaf extract of
Alchornea cordifolia
in mice.
J Ethnopharmacol
127, no. 3 (2010): 768–70.

Abdul-Ghani, R., et al. Artemether shows promising female schizonticidal and ovicidal effects on the Egyptian strain of
Schistosoma mansoni
after maturity of infection.
Parasitol Res
108, no. 5 (2011): 1199–205. E-pub (preprint) November 25, 2010.