Handbook on Sexual Violence (111 page)

Probation Service 293, 374–80

Procurator Fiscal 37 Professionalising Investigation

Programme (PIP) 117

pornography, growing acceptance of 324–5

prosecution of rape/sexual violence

adversarial nature of 21, 81, 264, 265–

6

by the police 37

difficulty securing successful 377 increase in SANE programmes 466–70 medieval period 26, 27

problems with 71

victims experience of 461–2 prostitute, gender opposite of rapist 33 prostitution 43, 218–33, 490–1

applying the concept of a continuum of sexual violence to 225

difficulties of research into 221–4

diverse nature of 223 late modern sex 225–7

limits of continuum concept 227–9 politics of and policy reformation 229–

32

victimisation in 221–4

Prostitution (Public Places) Act 2007 231

Protection from Harassment Act 1997 294 Protection of Children and Prevention of Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2005

231

‘Protection of Minors against the Detrimental Effect of Public Information’ (Lithuania) 400

Psycho
312–13, 320

psychodrama 40

psychopathic stalkers 168–9

psychosexual development 333 public awareness campaigns 440

distortion by the media 441

public health approach, sex offending 439–47

environmental and opportunity

management approach 446–7

limits and difficulties 440–4, 451–2

prevention goals 439

three levels 439

public opinion, and child abuse 345 public responses to rape

lag behind voluntary sector 428 need to be survivor-led 428

punishment

changes in 19th century 34 disproportionate towards men 40 light in medieval period 27

lower social status and 26 punishment paradigm 438, 444–5

qualitative differentiation 169–75 questions asked following sexual assault

460–1

R v Bree
84

R v Dougal
84, 86

race, sexual assault and 76–7 rape

19th century definition of 34 attitudes 131–2

capital felony 27

changes in attrition/conviction rates 104–5

complex label 425–6

conviction rates for 101–2 criminalisation of within marriage 36,

257

definition 163 (tab)

different definitions 423–4

everyday event 241 examples in war 191 extended definitions of 257

factors affecting reporting of 263 feminist activist responses to 420 as form of torture 42

how to speak of 276–7

inflexibility in language used 424–5 investigative practice 117–22

‘little rapes’ 426, 427

‘low-risk activity’ 241

mens rea
for 85–6

police recorded crime figures 95 (tab) prosecuting cases in medieval times

27

‘real’ rape 36

relabelling of 80

statistics 54

as systematic genocide 42 twentieth century definition 72

‘Rape and the Silencing of the Feminine’ 58

Rape Crisis Centres 433 funding for 430, 497

phone lines 92

rape crisis groups 198 rape crisis movement 423

funding for 430

workers involved in 426 rape crisis support model 423 rape exam 459–61, 465–6

rape law, in medieval society 25–7 rape myths 37, 54, 87, 189, 194, 195–6

public awareness campaigns and 441

rape-prone societies 182 rape shield provisions 79

rapists, compared to murderers 169, 173 (fig)

raptus
/ravishment 25–6, 27

Reading Safer Families project 203–4 reasonable belief 86

‘reasonable man’ as rapist 425, 426

reasonableness, standard of 82–3, 86

recorded crime statistics 91, 93, 95–6

Reed, Kirk 21

reflective functioning 212

reform overexpectation 488

refuge movement 418, 422–3 refugees, forced marriage and 97 ‘regretful sex’ 260

reintegrative approach, sex offending

447–51

Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) 447–9

Good Lives Model 449–51 repeat victimisation 300–1

reporting rape 255–6, 377

delayed reporting 256, 260 by minority of women 260

repression 261

reproductive capacity, control of women’s 26

reputation 29, 44

male 30

research and academics, as silencing agents 271–4

resistance, requirement of 72–4

responses

inconsistency in public 422

public and voluntary compared 418– 20

split into two strands 418

responsibility

for behaviour 212–15

for offending 239

restorative justice 81, 436–52 limitation of evaluation 451–2

retributive fallacy 437

retributive sentencing, alternatives to 438 Richie, Beth 428

risk, public awareness campaigns and 441–2

risk assessment 211–12, 493–4

domestic violence 300–1

risk management 207–11

risk management failures 437

Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) 238

Roman Catholic Church 332, 347 emergency contraception in affiliated

hospitals 466

Roman Law 26

romance 32

rubber bullet, broken glass
62–6 Rwanda 42

Safeguarding Children Involved in Prostitution
230

Safety4Sisters 429–30, 432

safety plans 207–11, 213

rehearsal of 210

strategies 210

sanction detection 101, 102, 103 (tab), 105 Sanday, Peggy Reeves 58

SANE programmes 463–70

emerging data regarding effectiveness 465–70

rapid spread of programmes 464–5 Sapphire Units 21, 117, 140

scold’s bridle 254

‘second rape’ 265, 461

secondary victimisation 126, 459–63 by medical professionals 459–61 effect on mental health 461, 462 through experience in court 461–2

seduction 32, 36, 44

self-disclosure by LBGs 402–3

self-report studies
see
British Crime Survey

self-talk 210

sensibility 32

SERICC 475–84

key recommendations 483–4

prevention work 482

provision 482

victims/survivors’ voice and experience 476–81

sex education 338–9 sex offenders

castration and sterilisation of 40 public anxiety about 437

sex workers, state protection of 326–7 sexist violence, evades definition 185 sexology 42–3, 45

sexual abuse, strongly gendered 186 Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE)

458–71

sexual assault, relabelling of 21

sexual assault referral centre (SARC) 92, 118–20, 125–9, 138, 422, 475, 487

accessing 127

development of 126–7

‘non-police referral’ option 127 sexual attractiveness 17, 18, 33
see also

blaming the victim

sexual autonomy of women, rape laws and 69–70

sexual consumerism 225–7

Sexual Exploitation of Children of the Streets (SECOS) 230

sexual harassment 38, 375

definition 162 (tab)

sexual homicide
see
sexual murder sexual murder 168, 169, 308–27

definition of 163 (tab), 309–12 early feminist analysis of 314–16 theorising 316–18

women as perpetrators of 310–11 women-blamimg explanations of 318–

21, 322

Sexual Offences Act 1956 37

Sexual Offences Act 2003 71, 84, 86, 231,

487

definition of rape 424

recording of sexual offences modified 95

specimen charges under 424–5 Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976

72

sexual offences examiner (SOE) 118–20 sexual offences investigative techniques

(SOIT) 116

sexual offence investigative trained officers (SOITs) 487

sexual orientation, bullying and

harassment 400–3

behaviours associated with 401

career choices 403

effect on mental health 401–2 internalised homophobia 402

self-disclosure 402

variation in frequency and form 401 sexual questions and ‘dirty talk’, online

contact 358–9 sexual violence

definition 92–3, 157–8

Kelly’s definition of 220, 375, 462

and law in 18th & 19th centuries 33–7 limits to 227–9

measurement of by national surveys 93–5

modern sexual identities and 42–3 opaque matter for criminal justice 24 overlapping behaviours 163–4 problems with definitions 489

scope of and the CJS 375–7 subclasses of 162–3 (tab), 170–5

sexualisation of children 337–9

sexually transmitted infections 39, 43,

460

shading, Kelly’s notion of 170 shield rules 70, 79

Shiner, Mike 488

self-silencing behaviour 259–62 self silenced by others 261–2

silencing agents 254, 259–75

courts 265–9

formal and informal supports 269–71 media 274–5

police 262–5

research and academics 271–4 self 259–61

silencing rape 253–79

silencing women in history 254–9 the feminist challenge 256–9

silencing of victims 375–6, 490

‘simple’ rapes 81

small-scale studies 91, 93, 96–100

Sneedy, Kate 322

social exclusion 346

social identity theory 404–8

social status, women in medieval period 26

Society for the Protection of Women and

Children 35

sociological imagination 182–3

sociological research, sources of empirical evidence 185–6

British Crime Survey 186

invisible/unrecorded crime 189

official statistics 187–8

sodomites 44

sodomy 28, 30, 31, 34

Soham murders 295

Somalia 194

South Essex Rape and Incest Crisis Centre
see
SERICC

Southall Black Sisters (SBS) 423 Specialist Crime Directorate 140 specialist domestic violence courts

(SDVCs) 143, 299

specialist training for sexual violence officers 141

specially trained officers (STO) 116–17, 138

clinics 127–8

role of 117–22

SPECSS+ model 140 spiral of silence 406

Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARA)

378

stable third 207

stalking, definition 163 (tab)
State v. Rusk
82–3, 86 stereotypes

of different types of offenders 376 of sexual murderers 314–15, 322

Stern Review 74, 92, 101, 118, 128, 187,

198, 417–18, 486, 487

rape conviction rate statistics 420, 421 scale of attrition rate and 106

sterilisation of sexual offenders 40 Stephen Lawrence Inquiry 406

STI prophylaxis 460, 464

stigmatisation salience 408, 410 Stop It Now 440

helpline 445

lack of treatment services 445–6

self-referral treatment for offenders 444

stranger-danger 39, 437, 438

structural-functionalism 183

Structured Assessment of Risk and Need (SARN) 378

Stubbs, J. 81

subclasses of sexual violence 162–3 (tab), 170–5

subconscious 333

submission 44

equivalent to consent 74, 77

Sudan 75, 192

suicide attempts 402

support systems, as silencing agents 269– 71

Survey of Internet Mental Health Issues

371

Surviving Sexual Violence
2, 7, 70, 220–1,

288, 294, 304, 309, 312, 374, 425

survivor satisfaction 428 survivors

male and female compared 430–1 public and voluntary responses

compared 417–33

Survivors UK 423

Sutcliffe, Peter 189, 311, 314–16, 318–23 Sweden, online contact with children

353–70

Swedish Women’s Peace reforms 290 symbolic interactionism 184–5

systemic thinking 205

Tackling Street Prostitution: towards a holistic approach
230

Taliban 193

taxonomies of sexual perversion 39 Taylor, Karl 141

teenage pregnancy 338

Tereus, Procene and Philomela
56 Thames Valley Police 20, 38

documentary on 487

The Age of Sex Crime
312

The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism
66

The Great Scourge
43
The Little Mermaid
255
The Lust to Kill
312

The Passion of New Eve
57–62
The Tale of the Wife of Bath
56 ‘The Thorn’ 56–7

theoretical perspectives of LGBs and people with disabilities 403–4

leadership style 404

personality 403–4

socialisation processes 404

work environment hypothesis 404 therapeutic work within the family 203–

17

Thompson, Robert 334

Titus Andronicus
55–6

Together We Can End Violence Against Women And Girls: A Strategy
294, 301, 302, 418, 476

token resistance to sex 76

trade unions 410 trafficking

criminalisation of 231

estimates 99 (tab)

lack of statistics 96, 98, 108 more recently defined as sexual

violence 92

widely cited sources 98 trauma 212

treatment needs of sex offenders 379–80 treatment programmes 444–6

unacknowledged victimisation 165

under-reporting 165–6 United Kingdom

Human Trafficking Centre (UKHTC) 98

integrated violence against women policy 302–3

Labour Force Survey 97 law reforms 81–2

National Action Plan on Tackling Human Trafficking 231

United Nations

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 256, 302

Convention on the Rights of the Child 345, 347

gender inequalities tackled 492 women’s issues and human rights

agenda 486

United States, 1960’s law reforms 77–8 ‘utmost resistance’ 71–4

race and 76–7

Venables, Jon 334

venereal disease 34, 37