Great Catherine (52 page)

61, 163, 164, 171, 189, 191, 200, 246,

251 pressures to remarry, 255-57, 258 prophecies of greatness, 13-14, 19, 28,

29, 148 provincial government reform, 314, 317—

18 riding enthusiasm, 21, 22, 107-8 Russian language use, 67, 148 Russian settlements,- 259 sexuality, 313, 330-31, 340, 374 stroke and death, 379-83 succession, 216, 246, 255, 282, 345, 366,

377; see also Paul I theatrical projects, 263-64, 360 trip down Volga, 268-69, 272-73 trip to provinces, 333-34 trip to southern Russia, 341-55 unconsumated marriage, 76, 82, 87-90,

91, 105, 108 vulnerability as grand duchess, 64, 68-

69, 83-85, 88-90, 103, 122, 175-79,

182 Catherine (Catherine's granddaughter), 358,

377 Chernyshev, Andrei, 88, 111 Chernyshev, Countess, 75 Chernyshev, Ivan, 279 Chernyshev, Zachary, 111

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387

Chesme, Battle of, 277, 278, 355

Chetardie (French ambassador), 31, 38, 56, 57

Choglokov, Maria, 92-108 passim, 115, 118-19, 121, 123, 125, 126-27

Choglokov, Nicholas, 101, 105, 107, 115, 118-21, 123, 132

Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst (Catherine's father), 3, 4, 12, 16, 20-22, 25, 29-33, 35, 46, 49-50, 54, 57, 61

Christina (Swedish queen), 351

Cobentzl, Count, 344, 349

Condoidi, Dr., 154, 155, 156, 164

Constantine (Catherine's grandson), 335, 336, 345, 351, 378, 382

Corberon, Baron de, 319, 326

Cossack revolt, 289-91, 293, 294-300

Courland, Duchess of, 106

Crimea, 333, 337, 351-52, 357

Dashkov, Princess Catherine, 187, 191,

210, 220, 227, 262-63, 332 De Ligne, Prince, 325-26, 328, 344, 349,

375 Denmark, 13, 190, 204, 208, 210, 221 Diderot, Denis, 183, 236, 291-93, 301,

302, 311, 314, 338, 350 Divier, Pierre, 84, 99-100 Dmitri of Novgorod, Archbishop, 205 Dumachev, Anna Dmitrievna, 136

Elagin, Ivan, 175, 176, 304 Elizabeth (Russian empress) ascension to throne, 24, 188 Catherine-Peter wedding, 68, 69-70, 73,

75, 76 and Catherine's children, 133-34, 138-39,

173, 174, 184 Catherine's mourning for, 194—95 Catherine's relationship with, 36, 39, 40-

42, 48-49, 53-55, 64, 65, 82-84, 87-

90, 93, 103, 107, 108, 125, 131-32,

137, 143-44, 156-60, 171, 175-79,

191-92 choice of Catherine as Peter's wife, 25,

31, 40 choice of Peter as heir, 24-25, 44, 82,

192 claim to Russian throne, 42—43 conspiracies against, 43, 136, 175-79 conspiracy fears, 82-83, 131, 136 court extravagance, 145-47

court lunatic asylum, 123-24, 190 cruelty to women, 41, 50-51, 78-79 death of, 190-93 declining health, 110-12, 153-56, 164,

167, 171, 172, 189-90 foreign policies, 143-44, 148, 155, 170-

71 frenetic activity, 81-82 gluttony, 79, 109, 112 Golovin Palace fire, 127 Holstein-Gottorp ties, 13, 24-25, 41 morganatic marriage, 43-44, 62, 80, 110,

256, 308 physicality, 42, 61, 62 power, 130-31

religiosity, 44, 45, 63, 81-82, 123 sexuality, 80, 110 succession concerns, 88-90, 92, 93, 108-

9, 112, 113, 118, 125, 131-32, 154-55 summer rural escapades, 61-63 unpredictability, 77-78, 79, 81

vanity, 40, 79-80, 81, 82, 85 war with Prussia, 180-81, 189

Encyclopedic (Diderot), 183, 236, 291

England. See Britain

Eon, Chevalier d', 162

Esterhazy, Count, 367

Eudoxia (Peter I's first wife), 201

False Peters, 260-61, 289, 291, 293 see also Pugachev, Emelian

Favier, Jean Louis, 182-84

Fitzherbert, Alleyne, 344, 349

Fontenoy, Battle of, 70-71

France, 144, 187, 312, 350

aid to Catherine, 187, 200-201 influence on Elizabeth, 70, 79, 143, 170-

71 revolution, 363-64, 371-72, 374, 375

Frederick II (the Great) (Prussian king), 70, 312, 336 and Catherine, 10, 30-32, 38, 49, 50, 67,

275, 327 and Elizabeth, 32, 81, 144 Peter's idealization of, 144, 196, 208 war with Russia, 155, 166, 180, 186

Frederick III (Danish king), 13, 190

Frederick of Anhalt-Zerbst, 6, 15, 20

Frederick William I (Prussian king), 1-3,

10, 12, 20, 30

Frederick William II (Prussian king), 364, 375

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Gagarin, Princess, 94, 105, 115, 117, 132,

133-34, 138 Galitzyn, Alexander, 99-100 George II (British king), 14, 144 George III (British king), 331, 357 Georg of Holstein-Gottorp, 24, 25-27, 29,

196, 217 Golitsyn, Field Marshal, 276 Golovin Palace, 122, 126-27, 315 Goltz, Baron, 221 Granovitaia Palace, 249, 273 Greek Project. See Crimea Grimm, Melchior, 256-57, 301-3, 322,

323, 330, 334, 335, 339, 340, 342, 345,

348, 349, 351, 362, 363, 369-70, 371,

374, 377 Groot, Madame de, 121 Gross Jagerndorf, Battle of, 166 Guards regiments, 188, 212, 213-16, 229-

30, 253, 257, 260, 287 Gunning (British ambassador), 304, 316 Gustavus III (Swedish king), 357-60, 364 Gustavus IV (Swedish king), 378-80 Gyllenburg, Count, 25, 85

Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles, 144-63,

170, 212 Harris, Sir James, 327-28, 343 Hedwig (Quedlinburg provost), 15-16 Helene (Catherine's granddaughter), 345,

351, 377 Hendrikov, Count, 107 Hesse-Homburg, Prince and Princess of,

39, 45, 60, 61, 76 Holstein, 18, 19, 71, 163, 183, 204, 225 Holsteiners (troops), 71, 149-50, 166-67,

196, 211, 215, 221, 222, 223 Horse Guards, 215, 217, 363

Ievrenef, Timofei, 73, 105

Ismailof, Madame, 96

Ismailovsky Regiment, 181, 188, 213-14,

225 Ivan IV (the Terrible) (Russian emperor),

159 Ivan VI (Russian emperor), 219, 225, 250, 256 as Elizabeth's successor, 112, 154-55 imprisonment of, 42-43, 83, 188 murder of, 265 Peter's meeting with, 199

Jacobins, 371-72, 376, 379

Johanna of Holstein-Gottorp (Catherine's

mother), 95, 102, 126 Catherine's childhood, 1-2, 5, 7, 10-11,

13 Catherine's illness, 47, 48, 49 Catherine's marriage prospects, 14, 24-

25, 27-28, 35-36 Catherine's wedding, 72-73 family connections, 3, 13, 15-16, 18, 23,

24, 29 journey to Russia, 32-39 other children, 4, 6, 15, 20, 21, 25 and Prussian court, 12-15, 32, 38, 49,

56, 67

at Russian court, 40, 41, 45, 50, 53, 55-

57, 60-61, 64-69 Johann of Anhalt-Zerbst, 30

Joseph II (Austrian emperor), 312, 333-37,

343, 350-53, 357, 360 Julia of Saxe-Coburg, 378

Kar, General, 297, 298

Karl August of Holstein-Gottorp, 13, 41,

47 Karl Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, 13, 18 Karl Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp. See Peter

III Karr, Fraulein, 87 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, 145 Kayn, Fraulein, 16-17, 32, 37, 38 Kazan, 269, 272 Keith, Lord, 168, 170, 197 Khrapovitsky (servant), 360, 362 Kiev, 64, 346, 347 Knight Errant, The (play), 360 Korff, Baron, 206-7, 220 Kosciuszko, Thadeus, 375 Kosheliev, Mademoiselle, 119 Kraus, Madame, 76, 84-85, 89, 93, 99 Kremlin, 54, 238, 244, 246-47, 249 Kronstadt, 218, 222-24, 358, 364 Kunersdorf, Battle of, 186 Kurakin, Helen, 181-82

Labritza estate, 125

Lamberti (gardener), 148

Lanskoy, Alexander, 329-30, 332, 337-40,

344 Lapushkin, Mademoiselle, 99 Lavater, Johann, 351 Lehndorff, Count, 161

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389

Lestocq, Armand, 31, 40, 42, 47, 48, 69 L'Hopital, Marquis de, 170-71 Lopukhin, Count, 51 Lopukhin, Countess, 40, 41, 50-51 Louis XV (French king), 70, 185, 312 Louis XVI (French king), 312, 350, 363,

364, 371, 372 Ludwig of Anhalt-Zerbst, 3, 20 Lutheranism, 7-9, 32-33, 46, 49-50, 54,

205, 215, 378

Mamonov, Alexander Dmitriev-, 344, 345,

360-63 Mardefeldt, Baron, 31, 32, 38 Maria (Catherine's granddaughter), 345,

377 Maria (Paul's second wife), 336, 345, 351,

357-58, 382 Marianne of Brunswick-Bevern, 13 Maria Theresa (Austrian empress), 79, 145,

331, 333, 334, 336 Marie Antoinette (French queen), 312, 350,

363, 364, 371, 372 Marie Elizabeth (Quedlinburg abbess), 15 Matushkin, Countess, 263, 369 Mauclerc, Monsieur de, 18 Mirovich, Vasily, 265, 266 Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat,

140, 183, 232, 259, 270, 314, 335, 350 Moscow, 38-39, 238-51, 252-59, 286, 314-

17, 369 fires, 123, 241

Legislative Commission, 273-76 Paul's official entry into, 314-15 protests against Catherine, 257-58 support for Pugachev, 298-99, 315 Munnich, General, 222

Naryshkin, Anna, 362

Naryshkin, Leon, 114-15, 126, 161-62,

345, 349, 369 Naryshkin, Semyon, 36, 37 Natalia (Paul's first wife), 284-85, 289,

321-24

Oranienbaum estate, 97-98, 148-50, 154,

166-67 Orenburg, siege of, 293, 297, 298, 306 Orlov, Alexis, 188, 210, 225-27, 248, 263,

277-78, 328, 355, 357 Orlov, Feodor, 188

Orlov, Gregory, 181-82, 188-89, 249, 264-65, 269, 276, 279, 332 bid to marry Catherine, 255-57, 258, 308 Catherine's break with, 287-88, 327, 328 and Catherine's coup, 210-11, 213-15 Catherine's favors to, 248, 253, 259, 263,

288 enemies, 257, 259, 275, 286 and Paul, 280, 281, 289 personality, 256, 265 son by Catherine. See Alexis Gre-gorevich Orlov, Ivan, 188 Orlov, Vladimir, 188, 269 Orthodox Church

Catherine's conversion, 45-46, 48-50,

52-53 Catherine's coronation, 247-48 and Catherine's coup, 215, 216, 218-19 and Catherine's royal policies, 259-60,

378-79 Peter's contempt for, 44, 204-6, 215 view of women, 58, 59, 168

Panin, Nikita

break with Catherine, 333, 336 and Catherine's coup, 211, 216, 217,

225, 227 and Catherine's new government, 231-

33, 254 foreign policy, 187, 276, 312, 336 opposition to Cathenne-Orlov marriage,

255, 256, 257, 258 as Paul's tutor, 187, 211, 216, 280, 281,

336 Panin, Peter, 276 Paul I (Russian emperor) birth, 134, 137-39, 140 at Catherine's coronation, 245 and Catherine's death, 382, 383 Catherine's distrust of, 279, 280, 281,

289, 336, 345 childhood, 154, 155, 157, 174, 175, 184,

187, 192, 236 children by second wife, 335, 336, 339,

345, 377, 378 claim to throne, 211, 216, 246, 282, 345,

377-78 coming of age, 280-85 first marriage, 283-85, 288-89 first wife's pregnancy and death, 322,

324

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Paul I (continued)

memo on army, 300-301

persona, 281-82

as Peter's putative son, 199, 200, 378

reburial of Peter, 383

supporters, 282, 283, 286-87, 314-15,

328, 332 Peasant uprisings, 208, 230, 260-61, 30&-

10, 312, 314, 349 Peter I (the Great) (Russian emperor), 37,

38, 58, 60, 234, 236 banishment of first wife, 201 as Catherine's inspiration, 159, 234, 277 children, 13, 18, 23, 61, 134, 188, 189;

see also Elizabeth Peter III (Russian emperor), 203-4 abdication, 225 affairs, 84, 99, 105-6, 120, 130, 137-38,

164, 198; see also Vorontzov, Elizabeth Catherine's betrothal to, 27-29, 31, 40,

41, 54, 55 and Catherine's childbirths, 133, 134,

135, 137, 171, 172-73, 174 Catherine's coup against, 212, 217, 219,

221-24, 225-26 Catherine's first meeting with, 18-20 and Catherine's lovers, 119, 120, 161,

168 Catherine's power-building against, 156-

59, 172, 176-79, 187-88 Catherine's relationship with, 57, 64, 68,

71-72, 96-100, 102, 105, 106, 111,

124, 137-38, 147^8, 150-51, 156-57,

167-68, 172, 197, 198, 200, 201, 207,

209 Catherine's wedding to, 68, 69-76 claim to Russian throne, 18, 24, 44, 192 Danish campaign, 204, 208, 210, 221 death and burial, 226-29, 236, 256, 281,

383 delight at Elizabeth's death, 195 dislike of Orthodoxy, 44, 204-6, 215 disturbed/manic behavior, 92, 124, 150-

51 divorce plans, 168, 172, 185, 199, 200,

201 drunkenness, 19, 100-101, 124, 127, 150,

151, 167, 172, 173, 197, 198, 199, 223,

224 Elizabeth's dislike of, 44, 171, 179 fears for own safety, 111, 112-13 guardian, 92-93, 95, 101

Holstein allegiance, 19, 44, 71, 144 illnesses, 65-68, 71, 88 imposters. See False Peters military fantasies, 97-98, 149-50, 156,

166-67 Paul's efforts to vindicate, 378, 383 plan to build monastery, 98-99 political reforms, 197 proclamation naming, 193 Prussian allegiance, 144, 189, 190, 195-

96, 208 rejection of Russian culture, 44 and Russian military, 196, 203-7 sexual indifference to Catherine, 76, 87-

88, 89, 91 smallpox, 65-68, 71 succession concerns, 199-200 temper, 19, 71, 197 Poland, 264, 276, 283, 312, 375-76 Poniatowski, Stanislaus, 167, 168, 171,

174, 175, 182, 184, 319, 376 love for Catherine, 160-63 named King of Poland, 264, 276 Potemkin, Gregory

Catherine's passion for, 304-6, 312-14,

320 Catherine's quarrels with, 318-20 Catherine's reliance on, 317, 326, 339-

40, 343, 359 Catherine's rumored marriage to, 307-8 and Catherine's young lovers, 320-21,

329, 331, 339-40, 344, 361 Crimean campaign, 332-33, 337, 354,

355-57 critics of, 327-28, 331, 357 depression, 356 loss of influence, 372 persona, 303-4, 318, 320, 346-47 spectacles and balls, 352, 353, 365-68 "Potemkin villages," 357 Preobrazhensky Regiment, 42, 149, 188,

196, 216, 219, 220, 228, 286 Prinzen, Baroness von, 23 Prussia, 2-3, 38, 144, 155, 364 partition of Poland, 312, 376 peace treaty with Russia, 203-4, 207-8 Polish territorial acquisition, 376 war with Russia, 155, 166, 171, 180-81,

185-86, 189, 190, 192, 193, 19S-96 see also Frederick II Pugachev, Emelian, 294-300, 306, 308,

309-10, 314, 315, 349

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Rastrelli, Bartolomeo, 37

Razin, Stenka, 290-91

Razumovsky, Alexei, 43-44, 62, 63, 110,

146, 157, 256, 308 Razumovsky, Andrei, 322 Razumovsky, Kiril, 157, 158, 188, 214 Repnin, Pierre, 99-100 Repnin, Prince, 93, 96, 99, 101, 123 Repnin, Princess, 96, 98 Rimsky-Korsakov, Ivan, 328, 329 Riviere, Mercier de la, 292-93 Rondeau, Lady, 81 Roumberg (Peter's valet), 19, 57, 71 Rumyantsev, Anna, 65-66 Rumyantsev, Countess Maria, 60, 65, 73,

75, 132, 285, 322, 323 Rumyantsev, General, 276 Rumyantsev, Praskovia, 65-66 see also

Countess Bruce Russia

changed image of, 311-12 colonization policy, 259 Cossacks, 289-91 luxury of court, 145-47 monarchy. See specific rulers new political role in Europe, 312 political alliances, 31; see also specific