Gettysburg: The Last Invasion (109 page)

45.
“Report of Lieut. Gen. James Longstreet, C.S. Army,” in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 2):359; Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in
Annals of the War
, 425; Longstreet,
From Manassas to Appomattox
, 373.

46.
Carter, “Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg,” 171.

  
1.
Smith,
Farms at Gettysburg
, 20; “Reports of General Robert E. Lee, C.S. Army” (July 31, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 2):308; Harman,
Lee’s Real Plan at Gettysburg
, 53.

  
2.
Blake,
Three Years in the Army of the Potomac
, 200; Eric A. Campbell, “Hell in a Peach Orchard,”
America’s Civil War
16 (July 2003), 41, and “ ‘The Key to the Entire Situation’: The Peach Orchard, July 2, 1863,” in
The Second Day at Gettysburg
, 155; Edward L. Bailey to J. B. Bachelder (March 29, 1882), in
Bachelder Papers
, 2:844, 846.

  
3.
“Testimony of General Henry J. Hunt” (April 4, 1864), in
Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
, 4:450; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler,” in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):872; R. L. Murray, “The Artillery Duel in the Peach Orchard,”
Gettysburg Magazine
36 (January 2007), 72–73, 78–79, and
E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard
, 48–49, 50; George Lewis,
The History of Battery E, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War of 1861 and 1865, to Preserve the Union
(Providence, RI: Snow & Farnham, 1892), 192–94.

  
4.
John Bigelow,
The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863
(Minneapolis: Kimball-Storer, 1910), 52–53; Hanifen,
History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery
, 68–69, 73; Luther E. Cowles,
History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery
(Boston: Luther E. Cowles, 1902), 624; Murray,
E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard
, 96; “Reports of Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt” (September 27, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):235.

  
5.
J. S. McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,”
Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society
(University: Mississippi Historical Society, 1914), 14:236; James W. McKee, “William Barksdale and the Congressional Election of 1853,”
Journal of Mississippi History
34 (May 1972), 129–58; “Galusha A. Grow,”
Harper’s Weekly
(March
3, 1894); Williamjames Hoffer,
The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 13; James Dinkins, “Griffith-Barksdale-Humphrey Mississippi Brigade and Its Campaigns,”
SHSP
32 (January–December 1904), 259; W. G. Johnson, “Barksdale-Humphreys Mississippi Brigade,”
Confederate Veteran
1 (July 1893), 207; Youngblood, “Personal Observations at Gettysburg,”
Confederate Veteran
19 (June 1911), 286.

  
6.
Ross,
A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States
, 54–56; McLaws, “Gettysburg,”
SHSP
7 (February 1879), 71–72, 74; George Clark, “Wilcox’s Alabama Brigade at Gettysburg,”
Confederate Veteran
17 (May 1909), 229–30; Terrence J. Winschel, “Their Supreme Moment: Barksdale’s Brigade at Gettysburg,”
Gettysburg Magazine
1 (July 1989), 74; Longstreet,
Manassas to Appomattox
, 370.

  
7.
Alfred Craighead, “68th Regiment Infantry” (July 2, 1889) and David Craft, “141st Regiment Infantry” (September 12, 1889), in
Pennsylvania at Gettysburg
, 1:397–98 and 2:691; McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,” 237, 238; J. R. Bucklyn to J. B. Bachelder (December 31, 1863), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:72–73; Frank Moran, “A Fire Zouave—Memoirs of the Excelsior Brigade,”
National Tribune
(November 6, 1890); Hagerty,
Collis’ Zouaves
, 241–43; “Report of Calvin A. Craig, One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Infantry” (July 11, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):501; Robert Fuhrman, “The 57th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry at Gettysburg,”
Gettysburg Magazine
17 (July 1997), 66–67; Alanson Nelson,
The Battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg
, 149–51.

  
8.
Busey and Martin,
Regimental Strengths and Losses
, 49, 50, 55, 180; Du Picq,
Battle Studies: Ancient and Modern Battle
, eds. J. N. Greeley and R. C. Cotton, 110; Penrose G. Mark,
Red, White, and Blue Badge, Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers: A History of the 93rd Regiment
(Harrisburg, PA: Auginbauch Press, 1911), 219; Sebastian Junger,
War
(New York: Twelve, 2010), 234.

  
9.
Martin A. Haynes,
A History of the Second Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, in the War of the Rebellion
(Lakeport, NH: Republican Press Association, 1896), 171, 173, 179; “Third Maine Regiment,” in
Maine at Gettysburg
, 131–32; “Report of Col. Moses B. Lakeman, Third Maine Infantry” (July 27, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):508; David Craft,
History of the One Hundred Forty-first Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1862–1865
(Towanda, PA: Reporter-Journal Printing, 1885), 126–27, 137; William E. Loring, “Gettysburg—The 141st Pa. at the Battle,”
National Tribune
(July 9, 1885); O’Reilly,
“Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg
, 153; Bates,
Pennsylvania Volunteers
, 4:440; Edward L. Bailey to J. B. Bachelder (March 29, 1882), in
Bachelder Papers
, 2:846–47; Ross,
A Visit to the Cities and Camps of the Confederate States
, 56; Lewis,
History of Battery E, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery
, 209; Gary G. Lash, “ ‘A Pathetic Story’: The 141st Pennsylvania (Graham’s Brigade) at Gettysburg,”
Gettysburg Magazine
14 (January 1996), 95–96.

10.
Loring, “On the Second Day—The 141st Pa. in the Gettysburg Battle,”
National Tribune
(July 5, 1894); McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,” 242; McLaws to Emily McLaws (July 7, 1863), in
A Soldier’s General
, 196.

11.
Frank Moran to Daniel Sickles (January 24, 1882), in
Bachelder Papers
, 2:773; McNeily, “Barksdale’s Mississippi Brigade at Gettysburg,” 243; F. M. Colston, “Gettysburg as I Saw It,”
Confederate Veteran
5 (November 1897), 551–52; Youngblood, “Unwritten History of the Gettysburg Campaign,”
SHSP
38 (January–December 1910), 316; Alexander, “The Great Charge and Artillery Fighting at Gettysburg,” in
Battles & Leaders
, 3:359–60; Jay Jorgensen, “Confederate Artillery at Gettysburg,”
Gettysburg Magazine
24 (January 2001), 30.

12.
William A. Love, “Mississippi at Gettysburg,” in
Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society
(Oxford, MS: Mississippi Historical Society, 1906), 9:32; Alexander,
Fighting for the Confederacy
, 240.

13.
“Testimony of Major General Andrew A. Humphreys” (March 21, 1864), in
Report of the
Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
, 4:392; J. W. De Peyster,
Andrew Atkinson Humphreys, of Pennsylvania: Brigadier General and Brevet Major General, U.S.A
. (Lancaster, PA: Intelligencer Print, 1886), 15, and “Andrew Atkinson Humphreys,”
Magazine of American History
16 (July–December 1886), 347–48; “Andrew Atkinson Humphreys,” in
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
(Boston: John Wilson & Son, 1884), 19:529.

14.
Van Santvoord,
The One Hundred and Twentieth Regiment New York State Volunteers
, 24, 75; George C. Burling to J. B. Bachelder (February 8, 1884), in
Bachelder Papers
, 2:1008; Henry Lefevre Brown,
History of the Third Regiment, Excelsior Brigade, 72d New York Volunteer Infantry, 1861–1865
(Jamestown, NY: Journal Printing, 1902), 104; William L. Stork, “Gettysburg—Why Was Not the Twelfth Corps in the First Day’s Fight?,”
National Tribune
(September 10, 1891); George H. Sharpe, “Dedication of Monument—120th Regiment of Infantry” (June 25, 1889), in
New York at Gettysburg
, 2:820; Cornelius D. Westbrook, “On the Firing Line—The 120th New York’s Firm Stand on the Second Day at Gettysburg,”
National Tribune
(September 20, 1900).

15.
“Testimony of Major General Andrew A. Humphreys” (March 21, 1864), in
Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
, 4:392; C. B. Baldwin to J. B. Bachelder (May 20, 1865) in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:193.

16.
Bigelow,
The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg
, 54–55; Hanifen,
History of Battery B, First New Jersey Artillery
, 76, 77; “Report of Lieut. Col. Freeman McGilvery” and “Report of Capt. Patrick Hart, Fifteenth New York Battery” (August 2, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):882, 887.

17.
Toombs,
New Jersey Troops in the Gettysburg Campaign
, 222–23; David L. Callihan, “A Cool, Clear Headed Old Sailor: Freeman McGilvery at Gettysburg,”
Gettysburg Magazine
31 (July 2004), 47; Bradley M. Gottfried,
The Artillery of Gettysburg
, 127.

18.
Phillips and Bigelow to J. B. Bachelder, in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:167–68, 173; Murray,
E. P. Alexander and the Artillery Action in the Peach Orchard
, 101–2; “Scott on the Fight of July 2d,” in Cowles,
History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery
, 631; Bigelow,
The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg
, 17–18; Campbell, “ ‘The Key to the Entire Situation’: The Peach Orchard, July 2, 1863,” in
The Second Day at Gettysburg
, 191; Levi W. Baker,
History of the Ninth Mass. Battery
(South Framingham, MA: Lakeview Press, 1888), 60–61; Van Naiswald,
Grape and Canister
, 316–17.

19.
“Letter of Capt. John Bigelow,” in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:173–75; Baker,
History of the Ninth Mass. Battery
, 61; Bigelow,
The Peach Orchard at Gettysburg
, 57; Bigelow to the Adjutant-General (June 19, 1895), in
“A Grand and Terrible Dramma”: From Gettysburg to Petersburg—The Civil War Letters of Charles Wellington Reed
, ed. Eric A. Campbell (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000), 344–45; Hesse to Almira Hesse (July 4, 1863), in “We Have Here a Great Fight,” ed. Eric Campbell,
Civil War Times
48 (August 2009), 41.

20.
“Reports of Augustus P. Martin, Third Massachusetts Battery” (July 31, 1863), in
O.R
., series one, 27 (pt. 1):660; Van Naiswald,
Grape and Canister
, 312–13; Schultz and Wieck,
The Battle Between the Farm Lanes
, 146–47; Benjamin Humphreys to J. B. Bachelder (May 1, 1876), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:481.

21.
Rafferty, “Gettysburg,” in
Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion
, 22–23; Craft,
History of the One Hundred Forty-first Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers
, 127; Randolph to J. B. Bachelder (March 1866), George Winslow to J. B. Bachelder (May 17, 1878), and George W. Bonnell to J. B. Bachelder (March 24, 1882), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:239–40, 590–91, 2:843–44; Jim Hessler, “Blowing Smoke,”
America’s Civil War
22 (July 2009), 49, 50; Tremain,
Two Days of War
, 88; “Reports of Maj. Gen. David B. Birney” (August 7, 1863), in
O.R.
, series one, 27 (pt. 1):483. It is uncertain precisely at what time Sickles’ wound occurred.
Thomas Rafferty, the lieutenant colonel of the 71st New York, placed the incident at “about” the same time Samuel Zook was mortally wounded in Rose’s wheat
field, which would put Sickles’ wound shortly after six o’clock;
George Winslow, who was in the process of hauling his New York battery out of the wheat field as Zook was crossing into it with the rest of Caldwell’s division, also put the wounding “some two or three minutes” after Winslow had left the wheat field and reported to Sickles. But Rafferty was probably not an eyewitness, and it may have taken Winslow far longer to get his battery “through the woods” on the north side of the wheat field than he remembered when he recounted his view of what happened fifteen years later. What is more likely is that Sickles was hit closer to seven o’clock, since Col. Henry Madill and his pathetic little band of survivors from the peach orchard had just met Sickles near the Trostle farm when “a moment after … the gallant Sickles” was struck “by a musket ball, his leg fractured.”
George Randolph, the chief of the
3rd Corps’ artillery, was with Sickles when the wounding occurred, and placed it roughly “towards 5 or 6 o’clock.” But since one of the gunners in Clark’s New Jersey battery remembered Sickles being struck by a “shell … in the rear of our battery” (which implies that Clark’s battery was still blazing away at the wheat field lane), and since Randolph also remembered that he had just urged Sickles to move to the rear of the Trostle barn because “the place became too hot for a corps headquarters,” the hour was surely closer to seven, and perhaps even a little after.
Henry Tremain, Sickles devoted aide, pegged the time at 6:30 in his 1902 memoir of Gettysburg, and in 1909 Sickles also decided that it had happened “about 6.30.”

22.
John Bigelow to J. B. Bachelder and Randolph to J. B. Bachelder (March 1866), in
Bachelder Papers
, 1:171–72, 239–40; “Sickles Recalls Fighting Battle of Gettysburg,”
New York Evening Mail
(December 2, 1909); “Affairs at Gettysburgh,”
New York Times
(July 18, 1863); Tremain,
Two Days of War
, 90; “Gettysburg,” in
Campfire and Battlefield: An Illustrated History of the Campaigns and Conflicts of the Great Civil War
, ed. Rossiter Johnson (New York: Bryan, Taylor & Co., 1894), 266; Hessler,
Sickles at Gettysburg
, 204–5.

23.
“A Great Victory—Three Day’s Battles—Mr. T. M. Cook’s Despatch,”
New York Herald
(July 6, 1863); W. H. Bullard to Sickles (September 13, 1897), in Daniel E. Sickles Papers, New-York Historical Society; Hessler,
Sickles at Gettysburg
, 223; Brown,
History of the Third Regiment, Excelsior Brigade
, 105; Hays,
Under the Red Patch: Story of the Sixty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861–1864
, 199; “Affairs at Gettysburgh,”
New York Times
(July 18, 1863); Alexander Webb interview with Alexander Kelly (October 7, 1904), in
Generals in Bronze
, 152–53.