Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad (44 page)

2.
Timothy O. Howe to George Rublee, April 3, 1859, Timothy O. Howe Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin;
NYT
, May 29, 1854.

3.
Roy P. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
(8 vols.; New Brunswick, N.J., 1953–55), 2: 233, 384, 390–91, 394–95;
Liberator
, June 22, July 13, 1860;
NAS
, April 16, 1859.

4.
NYH
, January 5, 1860; Stanley Harrold,
The Abolitionists and the South
(Lexington, Ky., 1995), 161.

5.
John A. May and Joan R. Faunt,
South Carolina Secedes
(Columbia, S.C., 1960), 76–81; Constitution of the Confederate States of America, Article IV, Section 2.

6.
Howard C. Perkins,
Northern Editorials on Secession
(2 vols.; New York, 1942), 1: 101–2; Jerome Mushkat,
Fernando Wood: A Political Biography
(Kent, Ohio, 1990), 111–13; Philip S. Foner,
Business and Slavery: The New York Merchants and the Irrepressible Conflict
(Chapel Hill, 1941), 248–51, 287–88; Eric Foner,
The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery
(New York, 2010), 146–47.

7.
David E. Kyvig,
Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776–1995
(Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 146–49;
CG
, 36th Congress, 2d Session, 11, 25; James A. Rawley,
Edwin D. Morgan, 1811–1883: Merchant in Politics
(New York, 1955), 124; Lyman Trumbull to Richard Yates, [December 1860], Richard Yates Papers, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

8.
Basler, ed.,
Collected Works
, 4: 154–57, 263–64; Russell McClintock,
Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession
(Chapel Hill, 2008), 92–95;
Douglass’ Monthly
, April 1861;
Liberator
, March 8, 1861.

9.
Stephen Myers to John Jay II, December 17, 1860, JJH;
NYTrib
, April 15, 1861;
Harrisburgh Telegraph
in
NAS
, August 10, 1861;
NAS
, December 28, 1861.

10.
Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 166–67, 191–92, 201–2; Barbara J. Fields,
Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground
(New Haven, 1985), 100; Campbell,
Slave Catchers
, 192–93.

11.
Oliver Johnson to James Miller McKim, October 11, 1860, MAC; Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 166–67, 173, 187, 194–95.

12.
NYH
, December 4, 1861; Fergus M. Bordewich,
Bound for Canaan: The Epic Story of the Underground Railroad, America’s First Civil Rights Movement
(New York, 2005), 430;
Liberator
, October 17, 1862;
NAS
, December 14, 1861;
Principia
(New York), October 29, 1863; Adam Arrenson, “Experience Rather than Imagination: Researching the Return Migration of African North Americans during the American Civil War and Reconstruction,”
Journal of American Ethnic History
, 32 (Winter 2013), 73–77.

13.
Foner,
Fiery Trial
, 295; Robert Kaczorowski, “The Supreme Court and Congress’s Power to Enforce Constitutional Rights: An Overlooked Moral Anomaly,”
Fordham Law Review
, 73 (October 2004), 154–243;
CG
, 39th Congress, 1st Session, 475, 1117–18.

14.
James A. McGowan,
Station Master on the Underground Railroad: The Life and Letters of Thomas Garrett
(rev. ed.: Jefferson, N.C., 2005), 80, 152–53; Kate Larson,
Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero
(New York, 2004), 271–78.

15.
BAP
, 5: 140–41; Stephen G. Hall, “To Render the Private Public: William Still and the Selling of ‘The Underground Railroad,’ ”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
, 127 (January 2003), 35–55; Allen W. Turnage to William H. Still, August 9, 1902, ANHC.

16.
Ira V. Brown, “Miller McKim and Pennsylvania Abolitionism,”
Pennsylvania History
, 30 (January 1963), 69–72; Margaret Hope Bacon,
But One Race: The Life of Robert Purvis
(Albany, 2007), 2, 202.

17.
Autobiography of Dr. William Henry Johnson
(Albany, 1900), 61;
Albany Evening Times
, February 14, 1870; Carol M. Hunter,
To Set the Captives Free: Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the Struggle for Freedom in Central New York, 1835–1872
(New York, 1993), 225–28.

18.
Bertram Wyatt-Brown,
Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War against Slavery
(Cleveland, 1969), 339;
BAP
, 2: 80; 3: 478; Margaret Hope Bacon,
Abby Hopper Gibbons: Prison Reformer and Social Activist
(Albany, 2000), 100, 114–15, 170–71.

19.
Sydney Howard Gay to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, October 28, 1882, GP; Gregory M. Pfitzer,
Popular History and the Literary Marketplace, 1840–1920
(Amherst, Mass., 2008), 75–121; Gilbert H. Muller,
William Cullen Bryant: Author of America
(Albany, 2008), 323–24.

20.
Sydney Howard Gay to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, October 28, 1882, GP; William Cullen Bryant and Sydney Howard Gay,
A Popular History of the United States
(4 vols.; New York, 1876–80), 4: 316, 324, 335–36, 342, 345, 435, 600.

21.
Manuscript U.S. Census, 1870, accessed via AncestryLibrary.com;
NYTrib
, May 20, 1873;
New York Age
, April 25, August 22, 1907.

22.
Brooklyn Daily Union
, June 20, 1871;
Brooklyn Eagle
, November 13, 1872;
NYTrib
, October 12, 1875;
New York Sun
, March 31, 1881; Death Certificate of Louis Napoleon, March 28, 1881, Municipal Archives, New York City.

INDEX

Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device's search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers in
italics
refer to maps; page numbers beginning with 235 refer to endnotes.

Abbott, William E., 193

Ableman v. Booth
, 217

abolitionist movement, 19, 121

     blacks in, 11–12, 19, 64, 65, 77, 82, 89, 147, 159, 160, 166, 182

     Canadian, 182

     Cazenovia convention in, 123–24

     centers of, 8

     and colonization movement, 52–54

     conflicting goals of, 186–89

     cooperation amoung factions within, 181

     evolving sympathy for, 149

     financing for, 58–59, 191

     in fundraising activities, 183–89

     genteel respectability in, 74, 78

     internal conflict and division within, 23, 80–82, 84, 92–93, 95–102, 112, 114, 131, 165, 181–83, 185–89

     interracial cooperation in, 12, 55–59, 62, 63, 65, 77, 82, 85, 87, 147, 162

     militant, 54–56, 73–74, 94, 124, 129, 145

     paternalism of, 41

     “practical” antislavery activities of, 20, 65

     propaganda for, 23–24, 137

     after Revolution, 36

     segregation within, 94

     slaves in, 23–24, 132

     underground railroad as part of, 21

     uplift in, 55, 59, 86

     
see also
specific organizations and individuals

Abyssinian Baptist Church, 134

Accomac, Va., 208

Act to Prevent Kidnapping (1820), 51

Adams, John Quincy, 105

Address of the Southern Delegates in Congress, 117

“Address to the People of Color,” 60

Africa, 85

     and colonization movement, 53

     slave trade from, 50–51, 66–67, 75, 83, 104, 144

African Free School, 42, 61, 86

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 47, 127, 135, 179, 202, 227

African Weslyan Church, 178

“Agents of the U.G.R.R.,” 177

Alabama, 139

     fugitives originating in, 56, 78–79, 84, 93

Albany, N.Y., 31, 73, 183, 227

     in metropolitan corridor, 173, 177–79, 181, 182

Albany, N.Y. (
continue
d
)

     as underground railroad way station, 10, 50, 82, 87, 126, 150, 213, 221

Albany Argus
, 178

Albany Vigilance Committee, 80, 116, 177–78, 227

Alexandria, Va., 158, 197

Allender, Walter P., 70–71

amalgamation, 59

American Abolition Society, 170

American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 8, 86, 87, 89, 116, 185

     collapse of, 170

     decline of, 85

     dubbed “new organization,” 84

     founding of, 81–82

     on Fugitive Slave Law (1850), 126

     Garrisonians vs., 88, 96

     N.Y. Vigilance Committees overlap with, 82, 84, 85, 90

     resurgence of, 128–29

American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), 8, 60–61, 65, 73, 85, 86, 90, 93, 95, 97, 104, 128, 130, 159, 174–75, 181, 227

     conflicts and split in, 80–82

     funds of, 174, 184–89

     as new abolitionist organization, 54, 55–56, 58, 60

     peace principle of, 75

     roots of, 56–57

     under S. H. Gay’s leadership, 171, 172–76

American Bible Society, 55

American Colonization Society, 52–55, 67

American Freedmen’s Aid Committee, 226

American Frugal House Wife, The
, 95

American Historical Association, 229

American Missionary Association, 85, 86, 87, 89, 170, 181, 185, 211, 227

American Revolution, 19, 25, 30, 92, 196

     slavery in New York City during, 32–36

American Slavery As It Is
(Weld), 23

Amistad
, 83, 96

Anderson, Elizabeth, 173

Anderson, James, 158

Anne Arundel County, Md., 90

Anthony, Susan B., 226–27

“antislavery enterprise,” 21

Anti-Slavery Fair Association, 188

antislavery fairs, 183–89

Appeal to Those Members of the Society of Friends Who, Knowing the Principles of Abolitionists, Stand Aloof from the Anti-Slavery Enterprise, An
(G. Lewis), 160

Appleton, John, 198

Appomattox County, Va., 207–8

apprentices, 68

Archer, Miss, 100

Arthur, Chester A., 141

Articles of Confederation, 36

Asbury Park, N.J., 230

Aspinwall, William H., 129, 219

Astor, John Jacob, 129

Astor, William B., 129

Atchison, David, 122

Auburn, N.Y., 88, 200

Australia, 135

Bahamas, as destination for fugitives, 16

Bailey, Frederick,
see
Douglass, Frederick

Bailey, Josiah, 192–93

Bailey, William, 192–93, 196

Baltimore, Md., 3, 18, 70, 87, 88, 127, 128, 133, 169, 190

     antislavery activists in, 3

     as “black capital,” 16–17

     fugitives originating in, 17, 82, 126, 133–34, 164, 194, 206–8

Baltimore Sun
, 16, 89, 199, 207

Banks, Elizabeth, 209–10

Barculo, Seward, 139

Barker, George R., 63

Barnum’s City Hotel, 207

Battle Record of the American Rebellion
(Dresser), 69

Baylis, William D., 153

Bearse, Austin, 147

Becket, Joseph, 158

Bedford, N.Y., 56

Beecher, Henry Ward, 117, 129, 168

Bell, John, 214

Bell, Philip A., 75, 76, 99, 130, 166

Belt, Joseph, 114–15, 122–23

Berlin, Md., 203

Berrien, John M., 122

Bethesda Congregational Church, 86

Bias, James G., 102, 162, 164

Bibb, Henry, 24, 136

Bigelow, Jacob, 154–55, 168, 177

birthright citizenship, 224

Blackbirders, 51

blacks:

     in abolition movement, 11–12, 19, 64, 65, 77, 82, 89, 166

     in fire department, 230

     fugitives aided by, 18–19, 77, 158, 173

     in military service, 33, 123, 147, 227, 228

     North to South migration of, 224

     and poverty, 46–48

     Quakers trusted by, 93–94

     rights extended for, 224, 225, 226

     in support of American independence, 34

     travel restrictions on, 1–2

     in underground railroad network, 11–14, 159, 229–30

Bloodgood, John M., 71

Bluebeard (Henry Lewey), 152

Blunt, Atwood, 199

Bohemia Manor, Md., 210

Bolding, John, 132

Bond, Hannah (Hannah Crafts), 144

Bondwoman’s Narrative, The
(Crafts), 144

“Book of Negroes,” 36

Booth, Sherman, 216–17

border states, 51, 122, 145

     in journeys to freedom, 16, 25, 194–95

     slavery threatened in, 25, 117–18

     
see also
specific states

Bordewich, Fergus, 14

Boston, Mass., 50, 70, 171

     AASS in, 81–82, 184–85

     abolitionist movement in, 56, 74, 77, 80, 96–97, 101, 105, 111, 120, 154, 155, 174

     charity fairs in, 183–86, 188–89

     economic ties between South and, 148

     effect of Fugitive Slave Law (1850) on, 134, 147–50

     failed fugitive rescues in, 148–49

     in metropolitan corridor, 167, 177, 178

     as underground railroad destination, 82, 102–3, 104, 105–8, 113–14, 135, 202, 205

     violent fugitive rescues in, 147–49