Femininity (36 page)

reduction of hair on,
141–48
,
153–57

sex differences in,
26–33
,
49
’
176–77

s
ee also specific body parts

body fat:

changing styles in,
46–49

ideal form vs.,
32–33

male vs. female,
32

body language,
121
,
197

Body Politics
(Henley),
200

Bombeck, Erma,
122–23

Bonheur, Rosa,
92

boots, leather,
185

Botticelli, Alessandro,
46
,
70
,
154

boys:

puberty of,
27–28
,
105

spatial skills of,
107

brain,
118

left vs. right hemisphere of,
106–7

braless, going:

medical evidence about,
42–43

negative reactions to,
45

as risqué,
45

branks, the (muzzle),
112–13

bras,
26
,
37
,
38
,
80

arguments in favor of,
42–43

burning of,
45–46

padded,
26
,
38

sports,
43

breastfeeding,
40
,
41
,
44–45
,
62
,
224

breasts,
26
,
38–47

clothing design and,
41
,
42
,
45
,
102

function of,
40
,
44–45

hair on,
142
,
144

hostile appraisals of,
44

large,
25–26
,
38
,
41
,
42–44

male fetish of,
41
,
43
,
44

of men,
45

movement of,
40
,
42–43

nipples of,
45
,
142
,
144

in non-Western cultures,
40
,
41–42
,
44

public vs. private status of,
40–41

small,
23
,
26
,
39
,
41
,
42
,
43

styles in,
39
,
43

uptilted cup shape of,
26
,
41

Brend, Ruth,
116

Brice, Fanny,
215

Brittain, Vera,
139

Bronte, Charlotte,
126

Brooks, Romaine,
93

Broverman and Broverman
,
207

Brownstein, Rachel,
125

Byron, George Gordon, Lord,
24

cabs, hailing of,
122

Calamity Jane,
92

Capote, Truman,
199–200

Carson, Johnny,
123

Carter, Rosalynn,
48

Castle, Irene,
65
,
94

castration,
105

Castro, Fidel,
117

Charles, Prince of Wales,
29

childbirth, male supervision of,
225

children:

hairstyles, of,
57
,
215

see also
boys; girls

China:

footbinding in,
33–34

long hair in,
59

Christianity,
112
,
208–9
,
217

clothing and,
81–82
,
92
,
97
,
99

cosmetics condemned by,
161–62

hair length and,
59–60
,
61

motherhood and,
224
,
226–27

Chrysostom, Saint John,
60

Churchill, Winston,
117

civilizing influence of women,
208

Clark, Kenneth,
23

class, social,
18
,
112
,
198

attitudes toward body influenced by,
33–34
,
40

clothing and,
86
,
87
,
91

cosmetics and,
133–34
,
161
,
163

hairstyles and,
58
,
62

labor and,
225–26

skin color and,
133–34

clothes,
77–102

body hair and,
144–47

breast shape and,
41
,
42
,
45
,
102

color symbolism of,
97
,
102

corporate,
101–2

cross-dressing and,
91–94

economic role of,
99

erotic,
37–38
,
95–97
,
100

feminine speech and,
117

functional,
81
,
83
,
86
,
88–91
,
98–99

of girls,
13
,
82–83

historical influences on,
87–88

masculinity and,
81–82
,
83–84
,
85
,
86
,
92
,
98
,
99

in non-Western world,
83
,
96–97

production of,
87
,
99

sex-distinctive,
81–84

sexual morality and,
82
,
83
,
96–97
,
100

superficiality of concern for,
81
,
99
,
100

as visual statement,
79–80
,
81
,
88–91
,
100–101

Colette,
93
,
187

colliery women, clothes of,
91

colorblindness,
117–18

color vocabulary, feminine,
117

Comaneci, Nadia,
181

commands:

depth of voice and,
121

women’s discomfort in issuing of,
118–19

compassion,
207–8
,
217–18

Competing with the Sylph
(Vincent),
49

competition,
15–16

appearance vs. accomplishment in,
50–51

athletic,
195–96

clothes and,
81
,
86
,
95
,
97

dieting as form of,
50

male-against-male,
18
,
28
,
32

for men,
17
,
18
,
24–25
,
164

consciousness-raising sessions,
123

Cooper, Gary,
116

Coplon, Judith,
216
n

Cornelia (Roman mother),
226

corsets,
35–37
,
38–40

demise of,
38–39
,
40

cosmetics,
130
,
131
,
133–34
,
138
,
157–65

benefits of,
160–61

putting on,
164–65

as “war paint,”
160

Cosmopolitan
magazine,
116

Courbet, Gustave,
154

crying,
207
,
208–12

curse words,
123

Darwin, Charles,
143

depilatories,
147–48

de Pougy, Liane,
62

Derek, Bo,
72

Deutsch, Helene,
213–14

de Wolfe, Elsie (Lady Mendl),
79–80

Diana, Princess of Wales (Lady Di),
29

Diane de Poitiers,
190

Dickens, Charles,
108
,
229

dieting,
48–50

Dietrich, Marlene,
94–95

“diverse loads,”
199

dress codes,
101

dresses,
80–81

dress-reform movements,
38–39
,
79
,
88–91
,
95

ducking stools,
112
,
113

Dunaway, Faye,
229

Duncan, Isadora,
38

Earhart, Amelia,
94

Earle, Alice Morse,
113

Eddy, Mary Baker,
114

Ederle, Gertrude,
145

education, female,
107–11
,
114

Edwardian era, bifurcation in,
83

Egypt, ancient:

cosmetics in,
160

hair customs in,
58

Ehrenreich, Barbara,
191–92

Eliot, George,
94
,
125

Elizabeth I, Queen of England,
35
,
133

Emerson, Ralph Waldo,
208

Emile
(Rousseau),
108–9

emotion, in speech,
116–17
,
119
,
120

emotional femininity,
16
,
205–18

biological theories of,
211–12
,
213–14

idealization of,
208

negative views on,
207–8

England:

clothing in,
83
,
91

cosmetics in,
162
,
163–64

Elizabethan,
35
,
133
,
161–62

suffrage movement in,
24

English, Deirdre,
191–92

Erikson, Erik,
213

estrogens,
27
,
105
,
137
,
165
,
177
,
182

European women, American women contrasted with,
30
,
47

evolutionary developments:

baldness as,
58

bipedalism as,
42

motherhood and,
31
,
32

eyebrows, tweezing of,
141

facelifts,
132
,
167

Fascinating Womanhood groups,
101

fashion,
see
clothes

Fashion and Fetishism
(Kunzle),
179

Fawcett, Farrah,
70

female impersonation,
174–76

feminine-hygiene sprays,
152

femininity:

appearance and,
13–14
,
15
,
21–167

behavioral aspects of,
13–14
,
16
,
36–37
,
169–231

biological basis of,
15
,
16–17
,
18
,
211–12
,
213–14

childhood lessons in,
13–14
,
34
,
37
,
171

as contrast to modern society,
17

destructive aspects of,
17
,
18–19
,
50–51
,
235–37

emotional,
16
,
205–18

Kant’s views on,
109–10

masculinity contrasted with,
16
,
119

as pleasing of men,
15
,
16
,
29

Rousseau’s views on,
108–9
,
110

as tradition of imposed limitations,
14–16

upper-class origins of,
18
,
33–34
,
40
,
86
,
87
,
133–34
,
198

feminism:

dress reform and,
88–91

s
ee also
women’s movement

Fishman, Pamela,
121

fishwife vs. fishmonger,
108

Fitzgerald, F. Scott,
63

flapper look,
26
,
39
,
47
,
62
,
146
,
163

Flight Into Egypt genre,
190

footbinding,
33–34

For Her Own Good
(Ehrenreich and English),
191–92

France:

cosmetics in,
162
,
163–64

ideal skin in,
133–34

freedom:

clothing and,
81
,
83
,
84
,
85–86

hairstyles and,
64

Freud, Sigmund,
120

Freudian psychology,
226

feminine emotion and,
213–14

Frisch, Rose,
32

Fuck-me shoe,
186

fur coats, as symbols,
100–101

Gannett, Deborah Sampson,
93

Garden, Mary,
67

garters, erotic value of,
37

“gay deceivers,”
41

Gaylin, Willard,
211

Gay Nineties,
37
,
146

Gaynor, Gloria,
215

Germany, Nazi:

cosmetics in,
164

cult of blondeness in,
71

“Gift of the Magi, The” (Henry),
62

Gilligan, Carol,
230

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins,
65–66
,
98

girdles,
26
,
37
,
39
,
80
,
147

demise of,
47–48

girls:

clothing of,
13
,
82–83

feminization of,
13
,
34
,
37
,
171

puberty of,
27–28
,
105

verbal skills of,
107

gloves, white,
79–80

Godiva, Lady,
61

Goering, Hermann,
164

Golos, Jacob,
216
n

Good Wife, The
,
198

gossip, intention of,
120

Gothic ideal of female,
23

grace:

clothing and,
85

feminine movement and,
178–79

Graham, Billy,
117

Greece, ancient:

clothing in,
83

feminine ideal in,
23
,
145