Exorcising Hitler (71 page)

13
 See Bower,
The Pledge Betrayed
, p. 97.

14
 See Naimark,
The Russians in Germany
, pp. 214ff.

15
 Jeffreys,
Hell’s Cartel
, p. 298 and p. 298n.

16
 John Gimbel, ‘US Policy and German Scientists: The Early Cold War’, in
Political Science Quarterly
, vol. 101, no. 3 (1986), p. 441.

17
 Ibid. pp. 441f.

18
 NA Kew FO 1032/787 Colonel G. E. O. Elms to Commanding General, European Theatre of Operations and Commanding General, British Army of the Rhine, 6 December 1945.

19
 Bower,
The Pledge Betrayed
, pp. 101–3.

20
 NA Kew FO 1032/787 CROWCASS Colonel G. E. O. Elms, as above.

21
 Bower,
The Pledge Betrayed
, p. 171.

22
 Ibid., p. 278.

23
 For remarks about Heyman’s report see ibid., pp. 278f. For the draft text of the report see NA Kew FO 371/55436 Denazification Measures: Meetings of Denazification Committee Appendix ‘A’ to HQ/06101/9/Sep P of 16 May 1946: Report of Heyman Working Party, Disposal of Criminals, Nazis, Militarists and Potentially Dangerous Germans.

24
 NA Kew FO 371/55436 Denazification Measures: Meetings of Denazification Committee 1946. Monday, 4 March 1946.

25
 NA Kew FO 371/55436 Denazification Measures: Meetings of Denazification Committee Appendix ‘A’ to SCD/P(46)30 dated 23 May 1946, Denazification of Legal Profession.

26
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
, p. 60.

27
 For this account of the demobilisation process and the condition of the army in early 1946 see Ziemke,
The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany
, pp. 223–4.

28
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
, p. 61.

29
 Clay personal to Hilldring, 8 December 1945, in Smith, ed.,
The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay
, vol. I, p. 130.

30
 See Schnatz,
Tiefflieger über Dresden
:
Legende oder Wirklichkeit?
, pp. 145f.,  ‘Ursachen der Legendenbildung’.

31
 The role of Neumann and the quote ‘Nuremberg of the Common Man’ (Jörg Friedrich’s phrase) appears in Olick,
In the House of the Hangman
, p. 119. For the involvement of Marcuse as well as Neumann see Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
, pp. 23–5. See also Barry M. Katz, ‘The Criticism of Arms: The Frankfurt School Goes to War’, in
Journal of Modern History
, vol. 59, no. 3 (September 1987), pp. 439–78.

32
 Mark Blumenson,
Patton: The Man Behind the Legend 1885–1945
, p. 281.

33
 Grossmann,
Jews, Germans and Allies
, p. 138.

34
 Blumenson,
Patton: The Man Behind the Legend
, p. 281.

35
 Ibid., p. 282.

36
 Report of
Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants
(OSE), cited in Grossmann,
Jews, Germans and Allies
, p. 140.

37
 See Joseph W. Bendersky,
The Jewish Threat: Anti-Semitic Politics of the US Army
, p. 391. And for the following information about Keating’s memorandum.

38
 Clare,
Berlin Days
, p. 152. And for the major’s further remarks.

11 PERSIL WASHES WHITE

1
  NARA College Park RG 260 390/47/19/1 Box 168 Records of the Office of Military Government, Bavaria, Weekly Intelligence Reports 1945–47 Intelligence Annex to Weekly Report for Period 8–15 Nov 45, p.5.

2
 NARA College Park, as above, pp. 7f.

3
 NARA College Park, as above, p. 12.

4
 Account of conference in Koop,
Besetzt: Amerikanische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland
, p. 111.

5
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
, p. 64.

6
Military Government Information Bulletin Number 64/21 October 1946
,
p.27.

7
 See Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
,
p.72.

8
 Ibid., p. 73.

9
 Ibid., p. 69.

10
NARA College Park RG 260 390/47/19/1 Box 168 Records of the Office of Military Government, Bavaria, Weekly Intelligence Reports 1945–47 Periodic Report for Week Ending 28 August 1946, p. 18.

11
 Quoted from report, as above.

12
 Quoted in Olick,
In the House of the Hangman
,
p. 183.

13
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
,
pp. 191f. And for the poll figures.

14
 Ibid., p. 193.

15
 Ibid., p. 199.

16
 NARA College Park RG 260 390/47/15-16/6-3 Box 7 Public Safety 23 October–13 December 1946, Memorandum John P. Bradford to Mr Schweizer, 10 October 1946 Subject: Situation in Landkreis Vilsbiburg. And for the following quotation.

17
 NARA College Park, as above, Memorandum John P. Bradford to Mr Schweizer, 11 October 1946.

18
 Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, pp. 141f: ‘In 1936 . . . 62% of all German taxpayers reported annual incomes of less than 1,500 Reich marks, corresponding to weekly earnings of just over 30 Reich marks.’

19
 NARA College Park RG 260 390/47/15-16/6-3 Box 8 Denazification. Press conference of Bavarian government 22 June 1946.

20
Military Government Information Bulletin Number 64/21 October 1946
,
p. 8 (cont. p. 27).

21
 Ibid., p. 27.

22
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
, p. 73.

23
 NARA College Park RG 260 390/47/19/1 Box 168 Records of the Office of Military Government, Bavaria, Weekly Intelligence Reports 1945–47 Periodic Report for Week Ending 16 October 1946, p. 18.

24
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
,
p. 74.

25
 Figures in ibid.,
p. 81.

26
 NA Kew WO Elten (War Crimes) Trial Petitions. Translation of signed statement by Hans Renoth 12 July 1945.

27
 NA Kew WO 235/55, as above. Submission to C-in-C (2 pp.) and note initialled (illegible) by a brigadier of the Department of the Judge Advocate-General, 29 January 1946.

28
 See entry by Brian Bailey in
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
online edition 2010.

29
 Law-Reports of Trials of War Criminals, The United Nations War Crimes Commission, Volume II, London, HMSO, 1947 (Case No. 10 . . . Trial of Josef Kramer and 44 Others) Part I p.4 B: THE CHARGE.

30
 Ibid., Foreword, p. x.

31
 Both quotations from lawyers’ remarks at the Bergen-Belsen trial from Bower,
The Pledge Betrayed
, p. 182.

32
 Law-Reports of Trials of War Criminals, The United Nations War Crimes Commission, Volume II, London, HMSO, 1947 Part XI, pp. 119f.

33
 Bower,
The Pledge Betrayed
, p. 187.

34
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
, p. 87.

35
 See obituary of Sir Edward Playfair by Noel Annan in the
Independent
,
23 March 1999.

36
Time
magazine, 12 November 1945, ‘The Nations: Temperature Down’ (satirical rendering of British accent the magazine’s, not this author’s).

37
 Biddiscombe,
The Denazification of Germany
, pp. 89f.

38
 See entry by Michael Carver in
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
online edition 2010.

39
 Noel Annan,
Changing Enemies: The Defeat and Regeneration of Germany
, p. 150.

40
 Ibid., p. 163.

41
 Koop,
Besetzt: Britische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland
, pp. 76f.

42
 Clare,
Berlin Days
, pp. 148f.

43
 Figures in Annan,
Changing Enemies
, p. 206.