Exit the Colonel (54 page)
Authors: Ethan Chorin
40
Ibid., p. 336.
Ibid., p. 336.
42
Mustafa Ben Halim,
The Years of Hope
, English trans. (London, England: AAS Media Publishers, 1994), p. 119.
Mustafa Ben Halim,
The Years of Hope
, English trans. (London, England: AAS Media Publishers, 1994), p. 119.
43
Not altogether different from US concept of “transformational democracy” more than fifty years later, according to which development assistance would go to countries that had made substantial progress toward democracy and the war on terror.
Not altogether different from US concept of “transformational democracy” more than fifty years later, according to which development assistance would go to countries that had made substantial progress toward democracy and the war on terror.
45
Muḥammad Yūsuf al-Maqaryaf,
LÄ«bÄ«yÄ bayn al-MÄá¸Ä« wa al-ḤÄá¸ir
, al-QÄhirah: Maktabat Wahbah, 2006, p. 95.
Muḥammad Yūsuf al-Maqaryaf,
LÄ«bÄ«yÄ bayn al-MÄá¸Ä« wa al-ḤÄá¸ir
, al-QÄhirah: Maktabat Wahbah, 2006, p. 95.
46
Gwyn Williams,
Green Mountain
, Dar Al Fergiani reprint (orig. London, England: Faber & Faber, 1963), p. 83.
Gwyn Williams,
Green Mountain
, Dar Al Fergiani reprint (orig. London, England: Faber & Faber, 1963), p. 83.
47
Richard Goodchild,
Benghazi: The Story of a City
, Department of Antiquities Cyrenaical Libya, 1962 (Reprint), p. 26.
Richard Goodchild,
Benghazi: The Story of a City
, Department of Antiquities Cyrenaical Libya, 1962 (Reprint), p. 26.
49
Dennis Gidney, “Esso Standard Libya Inc (ESL) Training and Development Program pre-1982,” unpublished.
Dennis Gidney, “Esso Standard Libya Inc (ESL) Training and Development Program pre-1982,” unpublished.
51
El Amrani, “Is there a Libya?”
El Amrani, “Is there a Libya?”
52
Libyan human rights lawyer Azza Maghur, in the wake of the 2011 uprising, posted to Facebook rare photos of masses of women marching through downtown Benghazi in the early 1960s, demanding the right to voteâanother sign of the unexpected mix of liberal and conservative currents coexisting in the east at this time.
Libyan human rights lawyer Azza Maghur, in the wake of the 2011 uprising, posted to Facebook rare photos of masses of women marching through downtown Benghazi in the early 1960s, demanding the right to voteâanother sign of the unexpected mix of liberal and conservative currents coexisting in the east at this time.
53
Nicholas Hagger,
The Libyan Revolution
(Johannesberg, South Africa: Alternative Books, 2009), p. 56.
Nicholas Hagger,
The Libyan Revolution
(Johannesberg, South Africa: Alternative Books, 2009), p. 56.
54
Musa Kusa, “The Political Leader and His Social Background: M. Qadafi, the Libya Leader” (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1978), unpublished MA thesis in sociology, p. 143.
Musa Kusa, “The Political Leader and His Social Background: M. Qadafi, the Libya Leader” (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1978), unpublished MA thesis in sociology, p. 143.
56
Mohammed Hassanein Heikal (then editor-in-chief of
Al Ahram
newspaper and a trusted advisor to Nasser and Sadat), arriving in Benghazi shortly after the coup, was said to have remarked famously: “Where is Abdulaziz?” (a reference to Shalhi), a remark many saw as a subterfuge to disguise Nasser's involvement and/or knowledge.
Mohammed Hassanein Heikal (then editor-in-chief of
Al Ahram
newspaper and a trusted advisor to Nasser and Sadat), arriving in Benghazi shortly after the coup, was said to have remarked famously: “Where is Abdulaziz?” (a reference to Shalhi), a remark many saw as a subterfuge to disguise Nasser's involvement and/or knowledge.
57
The year of Gaddafi's birth is unknown; he may have been twenty-six at the time.
The year of Gaddafi's birth is unknown; he may have been twenty-six at the time.
58
This thesis evidences more than a little forethought on Kusa's partâand would certainly have been noticed by, and appealed to, Gaddafi for its well-articulated but still obvious praise for Gaddafi's “charismatic personality” and comparisons with Gandhi, Ataturk, and (indeed) Hitler as a leader able to forge powerful sociopolitical movements.
This thesis evidences more than a little forethought on Kusa's partâand would certainly have been noticed by, and appealed to, Gaddafi for its well-articulated but still obvious praise for Gaddafi's “charismatic personality” and comparisons with Gandhi, Ataturk, and (indeed) Hitler as a leader able to forge powerful sociopolitical movements.
59
Kusa, “The Political Leader and His Social Background,” p. 142.
CHAPTER 2Kusa, “The Political Leader and His Social Background,” p. 142.
1
See
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dqn9Hwf-H0
; Agnelli: Fiat and the Network of Italian Power; Alan Friedman, New American Library, 1989, New York, p 194
See
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dqn9Hwf-H0
; Agnelli: Fiat and the Network of Italian Power; Alan Friedman, New American Library, 1989, New York, p 194
2
Stephen Dorril,
MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service
(New York, NY: Touchstone, 2000), pp. 793â794.
Stephen Dorril,
MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service
(New York, NY: Touchstone, 2000), pp. 793â794.
3
Ibid., pp. 736â737.
Ibid., pp. 736â737.
4
Chorin interview with Ahmed Ibrahim Fagih, November 21, 2011.
Chorin interview with Ahmed Ibrahim Fagih, November 21, 2011.
5
Chorin interview with Ambassador David Mack, November 2011.
Chorin interview with Ambassador David Mack, November 2011.
6
Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn Å alÄ¡am,
AšḫÄá¹£ ḥawl al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«
(Dubai: DÄr al-FarǧiyÄnÄ«/MadÄrik Publishers, 2012), p. 11.
Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn Å alÄ¡am,
AšḫÄá¹£ ḥawl al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«
(Dubai: DÄr al-FarǧiyÄnÄ«/MadÄrik Publishers, 2012), p. 11.
7
Chorin interview with Omar Benhali , October 2011.
Chorin interview with Omar Benhali , October 2011.
8
FÄá¹imah ḤamrÅ«Å¡, “Hal KÄn bi-ImkÄn WÄlidÄ« an Yuǧannib al-Ê¿Älam DiktÅ«riyyat al-Qaá¸á¸Äf'i?” (Was it possible that my father could have averted GaddafÄ«s dicatorship?)
al-Kalimah
, November 20, 2011.
FÄá¹imah ḤamrÅ«Å¡, “Hal KÄn bi-ImkÄn WÄlidÄ« an Yuǧannib al-Ê¿Älam DiktÅ«riyyat al-Qaá¸á¸Äf'i?” (Was it possible that my father could have averted GaddafÄ«s dicatorship?)
al-Kalimah
, November 20, 2011.
9
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: al-IstiqÄlÄt taÊ¿á¹£if bi-l-Maǧlis al-IntiqÄlÄ« . . . wa ḤakÅ«mat al-KÄ«b Taltazim aá¹£-á¹¢amt,”
aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹
, January 23, 2011.
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “LÄ«bÄ«yÄ: al-IstiqÄlÄt taÊ¿á¹£if bi-l-Maǧlis al-IntiqÄlÄ« . . . wa ḤakÅ«mat al-KÄ«b Taltazim aá¹£-á¹¢amt,”
aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹
, January 23, 2011.
10
Ibid.
Ibid.
11
Ä ÄzÄ« bin Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn al-QusaybÄ«,
al-WazÄ«r al-MurÄfiq
, 2nd ed. (Beirut: Arab Center for Studies and Publishing, 2001), pp. 125â126.
Ä ÄzÄ« bin Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn al-QusaybÄ«,
al-WazÄ«r al-MurÄfiq
, 2nd ed. (Beirut: Arab Center for Studies and Publishing, 2001), pp. 125â126.
12
Chorin interview with Ahmed Ibrahim al-Fagih in Cairo, November 25, 2011.
Chorin interview with Ahmed Ibrahim al-Fagih in Cairo, November 25, 2011.
13
Chorin interview with Wayne White, April 2, 2012.
Chorin interview with Wayne White, April 2, 2012.
14
See
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1336783/WikiLeaks-Colonel-Gaddafis-phobias-flamenco-dancing-voluptuous-blonde-nurse.html
.
See
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1336783/WikiLeaks-Colonel-Gaddafis-phobias-flamenco-dancing-voluptuous-blonde-nurse.html
.
15
Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981â1987
(New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1987), p. 441.
Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981â1987
(New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1987), p. 441.
16
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l yukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2001.
ḪÄlid MaḥmÅ«d, “ad-Duktur MaḥmÅ«d ǦibrÄ«l yukaÅ¡Å¡if li-aÅ¡-Å harq al-Awsaá¹ Ê¿an Muḫaá¹á¹at al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ« li-l-Ê¿Awdah ʾilÄ as-Sulá¹ah,”
aÅ¡-Å arq al-Awsaá¹
, October 18, 2001.
17
Dirk Vandewalle, “The Failure of Liberalization in the Jamahiriyya,” in
Qadhafi's Libya 1969â1994
, Dirk Vandewalle, ed. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1995), p. 209.
Dirk Vandewalle, “The Failure of Liberalization in the Jamahiriyya,” in
Qadhafi's Libya 1969â1994
, Dirk Vandewalle, ed. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1995), p. 209.
18
Yahia Zoubir,
Islamisme Radical et Lutte Antiterrorist: Maghreb-Machrek
, no. 184 (Summer 2005): 53â66, p. 55.
Yahia Zoubir,
Islamisme Radical et Lutte Antiterrorist: Maghreb-Machrek
, no. 184 (Summer 2005): 53â66, p. 55.
19
Mohamed El Jahmi, “Libya and the U.S.: Qadhafi Unrepentant,”
Middle East Quarterly
, vol. XIII, Winter 2006, pp. 11â20.
Mohamed El Jahmi, “Libya and the U.S.: Qadhafi Unrepentant,”
Middle East Quarterly
, vol. XIII, Winter 2006, pp. 11â20.
20
Not to be confused with the United Arab Republic, linking Egypt and Syria from 1958 to 1961.
Not to be confused with the United Arab Republic, linking Egypt and Syria from 1958 to 1961.
22
Issam M. Hajjaji, “Healthcare in Libya,” unpublished article, January 2012.
Issam M. Hajjaji, “Healthcare in Libya,” unpublished article, January 2012.
23
Waniss A. Otman and Erling Karlberg,
The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning
(Springer: Berlin, 2007), pp. 146â147.
Waniss A. Otman and Erling Karlberg,
The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning
(Springer: Berlin, 2007), pp. 146â147.
24
Hajjaji, “Healthcare in Libya.”
Hajjaji, “Healthcare in Libya.”
25
This achievement should be measured against what he did
not
do, given the vast resources at the regime's disposal, and the fact that within twenty years of his assumption of rule, more than 20 percent of the population would be either below international development institutions' measures of poverty, or unemployed, or both.
This achievement should be measured against what he did
not
do, given the vast resources at the regime's disposal, and the fact that within twenty years of his assumption of rule, more than 20 percent of the population would be either below international development institutions' measures of poverty, or unemployed, or both.
26
Dirk Vandewalle,
Libya Since Independence: Oil and Statebuilding
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 81.
Dirk Vandewalle,
Libya Since Independence: Oil and Statebuilding
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 81.
27
Ibid., p. xxiv.
Ibid., p. xxiv.
28
Ibid., p. 66.
Ibid., p. 66.
29
Ibid., p. 67.
Ibid., p. 67.
30
Omar El Fathaly and Monte Palmer, “Institutional Development in Qadhafi's Libya,” in
Qadhafi's Libya 1969â1994
, Vandewalle, ed., p. 171.
Omar El Fathaly and Monte Palmer, “Institutional Development in Qadhafi's Libya,” in
Qadhafi's Libya 1969â1994
, Vandewalle, ed., p. 171.
31
Ibid., p. 161.
Ibid., p. 161.
32
George Joffe, “Qadhafi's Islam in Historical Perspective,” in
Qadhafi's Libya 1969â1994
, Vandewalle, ed., p. 149.
George Joffe, “Qadhafi's Islam in Historical Perspective,” in
Qadhafi's Libya 1969â1994
, Vandewalle, ed., p. 149.
33
Musa Kusa, “The Political Leader and His Social Background: M. Qadafi, the Libya Leader,” unpublished master's thesis in sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1978, p. 81.
Musa Kusa, “The Political Leader and His Social Background: M. Qadafi, the Libya Leader,” unpublished master's thesis in sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1978, p. 81.
34
Chorin interview with Benhalim, May 31, 2012.
Chorin interview with Benhalim, May 31, 2012.
36
Vandewalle, “The Failure of Liberalization in the Jamahiriyya,” in
Qadhafi's Libya 1969â1994,
Vandewalle, ed., p. 210.
Vandewalle, “The Failure of Liberalization in the Jamahiriyya,” in
Qadhafi's Libya 1969â1994,
Vandewalle, ed., p. 210.
37
Moncef Ouannes,
Militaires, Elites et Modernisation dans la Libye contemporaine
(Paris: L'Harmatta, 2009), pp. 102â109.
Moncef Ouannes,
Militaires, Elites et Modernisation dans la Libye contemporaine
(Paris: L'Harmatta, 2009), pp. 102â109.
38
Hanspeter Mattes, “The Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Committees,” in
QadhafÄ«s Libya 1969â1994
, Vandewalle, ed., p. 97;
Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn Å alÄ¡am, AšḫÄá¹£ ḥawl al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«
, p. 470.
Hanspeter Mattes, “The Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Committees,” in
QadhafÄ«s Libya 1969â1994
, Vandewalle, ed., p. 97;
Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn Å alÄ¡am, AšḫÄá¹£ ḥawl al-Qaá¸á¸ÄfÄ«
, p. 470.
39
Aḥmad IbrÄhÄ«m al-FaqÄ«h,
aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah fi-t-Tarīḫ, Muqaddimah fi TaÅ¡rīḫ aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah
, unpublished, 2011, p. 46.
Aḥmad IbrÄhÄ«m al-FaqÄ«h,
aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah fi-t-Tarīḫ, Muqaddimah fi TaÅ¡rīḫ aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah
, unpublished, 2011, p. 46.
43
Aḥmad IbrÄhÄ«m al-FaqÄ«h,
aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah fi-t-Tarīḫ, Muqaddimah fi taÅ¡rīḫ aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah
, unpublished, 2011, p. 57.
Aḥmad IbrÄhÄ«m al-FaqÄ«h,
aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah fi-t-Tarīḫ, Muqaddimah fi taÅ¡rīḫ aá¹-ṬÄÄ¡iyyah
, unpublished, 2011, p. 57.
45
The International Court of Justice gave the Aouzou strip back to Chad in 1994.
The International Court of Justice gave the Aouzou strip back to Chad in 1994.
48
William J. Foltz, “Libya's Military Power,” in
The Green And the Black
, René Lemarchand, ed. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Universtiy Press, 1988), pp. 62â66.
William J. Foltz, “Libya's Military Power,” in
The Green And the Black
, René Lemarchand, ed. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Universtiy Press, 1988), pp. 62â66.
50
Ä ÄzÄ« bin Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn al-QusaybÄ«,
al-WazÄ«r al-MurÄfiq
, 2nd ed. (Beirut: Arab Center for Studies and Publishing, 2011), p. 123.
Ä ÄzÄ« bin Ê¿Abd ar-RaḥmÄn al-QusaybÄ«,
al-WazÄ«r al-MurÄfiq
, 2nd ed. (Beirut: Arab Center for Studies and Publishing, 2011), p. 123.
51
Moncef Djaziri, “La Crise de Lockerbie,” in
L'annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord
(Paris: CNRS, 2000), p. 187.
Moncef Djaziri, “La Crise de Lockerbie,” in
L'annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord
(Paris: CNRS, 2000), p. 187.
54
Chorin interview with Ambassador David Mack, December 2011.
Chorin interview with Ambassador David Mack, December 2011.
55
Djaziri, “La Crise de Lockerbie,” p. 184.
Djaziri, “La Crise de Lockerbie,” p. 184.
56
Ronald Bruce St. John,
Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), p. 10.
Ronald Bruce St. John,
Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), p. 10.
57
IbrÄhÄ«m al-FaqÄ«h, “aṯ-á¹®awrah aÅ¡-Å aÊ¿biyyah al-LÄ«bÄ«yyah Tataḥawwil ʾilÄ á¸¤arb TaḥrÄ«r,”
al-MuÅ¡Ähid
, (unknown date), pp. 25-26.
IbrÄhÄ«m al-FaqÄ«h, “aṯ-á¹®awrah aÅ¡-Å aÊ¿biyyah al-LÄ«bÄ«yyah Tataḥawwil ʾilÄ á¸¤arb TaḥrÄ«r,”
al-MuÅ¡Ähid
, (unknown date), pp. 25-26.
59
Moncef Ouannes,
Militaires, Elites et Modernisation dans la Libye contemporaine
(Paris: L'Harmattan, 2009), p. 261.
Moncef Ouannes,
Militaires, Elites et Modernisation dans la Libye contemporaine
(Paris: L'Harmattan, 2009), p. 261.
63
Ibrahim, an uncle of Information Minister Ibrahim Musa, was captured in Sirte with Gaddafi on October 20, 2011; see
http://vivalibya.wordpress.com/2011/12/02/urgent-appeal-for-the-life-of-ahmed-ibrahim
.
Ibrahim, an uncle of Information Minister Ibrahim Musa, was captured in Sirte with Gaddafi on October 20, 2011; see
http://vivalibya.wordpress.com/2011/12/02/urgent-appeal-for-the-life-of-ahmed-ibrahim
.
64
Brownbook, Issue 22, Dubai.
Brownbook, Issue 22, Dubai.
65
John Biewen and Ian Ferguson, “Shadow Over Lockerbie,” American RadioWorks, March 2000.
John Biewen and Ian Ferguson, “Shadow Over Lockerbie,” American RadioWorks, March 2000.
67
French investigative journalist Péan argues the motive for the UTA bombing was “non-respect of promises made by France for Iran's assistance in freeing three French hostages in Lebanon,” a charge made by a correspondent for the Lebanese newspaper
aÅ¡-Å Å«rÄ
subsequent to the the attack.
French investigative journalist Péan argues the motive for the UTA bombing was “non-respect of promises made by France for Iran's assistance in freeing three French hostages in Lebanon,” a charge made by a correspondent for the Lebanese newspaper
aÅ¡-Å Å«rÄ
subsequent to the the attack.
69
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, source requested anonymity.
70
Mustafa Ahmed Benhalim, “Muthakiraat ra'is wuzara' Libya al asbaq” (London, England: Alhani publishers, 1992), dedication.
Mustafa Ahmed Benhalim, “Muthakiraat ra'is wuzara' Libya al asbaq” (London, England: Alhani publishers, 1992), dedication.
71
Chorin interview with Ahmed Ibrahim al-Fagih, November 21, 2011.
Chorin interview with Ahmed Ibrahim al-Fagih, November 21, 2011.
73
Ammar Al Mabruk Iltif,
Libya: National Report on Human Development
(Tripoli, Libya: National Authority of Information and Documentation, 2002).
Ammar Al Mabruk Iltif,
Libya: National Report on Human Development
(Tripoli, Libya: National Authority of Information and Documentation, 2002).
74
Ibid., p. 163.
Ibid., p. 163.
75
Ibid., p. 81.
Ibid., p. 81.
76
Ê¿Ädil al-ǦawǧirÄ«, “al-Ḫaá¹ar Ê¿alÄ an-NiáºÄm min ad-DÄḫil, LÄ min MuÊ¿Äraá¸at al-ḪÄriǧiyyah,”
al-Wasaá¹
, February 8, 1993.
Ê¿Ädil al-ǦawǧirÄ«, “al-Ḫaá¹ar Ê¿alÄ an-NiáºÄm min ad-DÄḫil, LÄ min MuÊ¿Äraá¸at al-ḪÄriǧiyyah,”
al-Wasaá¹
, February 8, 1993.
77
Ibid.
Ibid.
78
Ibid., p. 33.
Ibid., p. 33.
79
Chorin interview, 2005, source requested anonymity.
Chorin interview, 2005, source requested anonymity.
80
“Libyan Arab Airlines flight 1103âFreedom opens up abuses of Libya's past,” see
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rLt_LbAx0c
.
“Libyan Arab Airlines flight 1103âFreedom opens up abuses of Libya's past,” see
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rLt_LbAx0c
.
81
Luis Martinez,“Libye: Transformations socio-Economiques et mutations Politiques sous l'embargo,” (p. 211) in
Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord
, tome XXXVII, CNRS Editions, 1998, pp. 205â225.
Luis Martinez,“Libye: Transformations socio-Economiques et mutations Politiques sous l'embargo,” (p. 211) in
Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord
, tome XXXVII, CNRS Editions, 1998, pp. 205â225.
82
Meghan L. O'Sullivan, Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2003), p. 195.
Meghan L. O'Sullivan, Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2003), p. 195.
83
Danielle Bisson, Jean Bisson, and Jacques Fontaine,
La Libye: A la Decouverte d'un Pays
, Tome 1: Identite Libyenne, L'harmattan Paris, 1999, p. 140.
Danielle Bisson, Jean Bisson, and Jacques Fontaine,
La Libye: A la Decouverte d'un Pays
, Tome 1: Identite Libyenne, L'harmattan Paris, 1999, p. 140.
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