EVILICIOUS: Cruelty = Desire + Denial (26 page)

²¹
Nietzsche, F.
Genealogy of Morality, I
, (D. Smith translation, 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press); p. 10

²²
Homicidal fantasies: Duntley, J. D., & Buss, D. M. (2011). Homicide adaptations.
Aggression and Violent Behavior
,
16
(5), 399–410.

²³
Lustful violence: Gellerman, D.M, & Suddath, R. (2005). Violent fantasy, dangerousness, and the duty to warn and protect.
Journal of the Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 33
, 484-495; Gerberth. V.J. (1988). Anatomy of a lust murder.
Law and Order Magazine
, 46 (5), pp. 1-6; Gray, N., Watt, A., & Hassan, S. (2003). Behavioral indicators of sadistic sexual murder predict the presence of sadistic sexual fantasy in a normative sample.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18
, 1018-1034; Smith, C.E, Fischer, K.W, & Watson, M.W. (2009). Toward a refined view of aggressive fantasy as a risk factor for aggression: interaction effects involving cognitive and situational variables.
Aggressive. Behavior, 35
(4), 313-323; Crombach, A., Weierstall, R., Schalinski, I., Hecker, T., Ovuga, E., & Elbert, T. (in press). Social status and the desire to resort to violence — a study on former child soldiers of Uganda.
Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 22(55)
; Elbert, T., Weierstall, R., & Schauer, M. (2010). Fascination violence: on mind and brain of man hunters.
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 260
(Suppl 2), S100-S105; Ruf, M., Schauer, M., Neuner, F., Catani, C., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2010). Narrative exposure therapy for 7- to 16-year-olds: a randomized controlled trial with traumatized refugee children.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23
(4), 437-445; Schaal, S., & Elbert, T. (2006). Ten years after the genocide: trauma confrontation and posttraumatic stress in Rwandan adolescents.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19
(1), 95-105; Weierstall, R, Schaal, S, Schalinski, I, Dusingizemungu, J, & Elbert, T. (in press). The thrill of being violent as an antidote to posttraumatic stress disorder in Rwandese genocide perpetrators.
Journal of Traumatic Stress
, 1-30.

²⁴
Crombach et al. (in press) Social status and the desire to resort to violence — a study on former child soldiers of Uganda.
Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 22(55)
.

²⁵
Terrorism and the suicide bomber: Atran, S. (2009). Who becomes a terrorist today?
Perspectives on Terrorism
,
3
(5), 1–9; Krueger, A. (2007).
What Makes a Terrorist: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism
. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).

²⁶
Domestic violence as an addiction: Irons, R. & Schneider, J.P. (1997). When is domestic violence a hidden face of addiction?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
29(4): 337-344; Wekerle, C. & Wall, A-M. (2002).
The Violence and Addiction Equation
. New York, Routledge.

²⁷
The features that guide our perception of humanness: Bastian, B., Laham, S.M, Wilson, S., Haslam, N., & Koval, P. (2011). Blaming, praising, and protecting our humanity: The implications of everyday dehumanization for judgments of moral status.
British Journal of Social Psychology, 50
(3), 469-483; Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2011). Sacred values and evil adversaries: a moral foundations approach. In: M. Mikulincer & P.R. Shaver (Eds.),
The Social Psychology of Morality
; pp. 11-32, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Gray, H.M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D.M. (2007). Dimensions of mind perception.
Science, 315
(5812), 619-619; Gray, K, & Wegner, D M. (2011). Morality takes two: dyadic morality and mind perception. In: M. Mikulincer & P.R. Shaver (Eds.),
The Social Psychology of Morality
, pp. 109-128, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Gray, K., Jenkins, A., Heberlein, A. S., & Wegner, D. M. (2011). Distortions of mind perception in psychopathology.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA)
, 108: 477–479; Haslam, N., Bastian, B., Laham, S., & Lougham, S. (2011). Humanness, dehumanization, and moral psychology. In: M. Mikulincer & P.R. Shaver (Eds.),
The Social Psychology of Morality
, pp. 203-218, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Loughnan, S., Leidner, B., Doron, G., Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Tong, J., & Yeung, V. (2010). Universal biases in self-perception: Better and more human than average.
British Journal of Social Psychology, 49
(3), 627-636; Martinez, Piff, P., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2011). The power of a label: Mental illness diagnoses, ascribed humanity, and social Rejection.
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
,
30
(1): 1–23.

²⁸
For a review of dehumanization, see Haslam, N., Bastian, B., Laham, S., & Lougham, S. (2011). Humanness, dehumanization, and moral psychology. In M. Mikulincer & P.R. Shaver (Eds.),
The Social Psychology of Morality
, pp. 203-218, Washington, DC, American Psychological Association.

²⁹
Being paid off to do something wrong: Graham, J. & Haidt, J. (2011). Sacred values and evil adversaries: A moral foundations approach. In:
The Social Psychology of Morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil.
P. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Tetlock, P. E., Kristel, O., Elson, B., Green, M., & Lerner, J. (2000). The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78,
853–870.

³⁰
This is a comment Elie Wiesel has made repeatedly in his writings and speeches, reproduced here:
http://www.thirteen.org/openmind/history/anti-semitism-redux/1609/

³¹
Populating the inner sanctum: Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Kurzban, R. (2003). Perceptions of race.
Trends in Cognitive Science, 7
(4), 173-179; Kinzler, K.D, Corriveau, K.H, & Harris, P.L. (2011). Children’s selective trust in native-accented speakers.
Developmental Science, 14
(1), 106-111; Kinzler, K.D, & Spelke, E.S. (2011). Do infants show social preferences for people differing in race?
Cognition, 119
(1), 1-9; Kinzler, K.D., Dupoux, E., & Spelke, E.S. (2007). The native language of social cognition.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 104
(30), 12577-12580; Kinzler, K.D, Shutts, K., Dejesus, J., & Spelke, E.S. (2009). Accent trumps race in guiding children’s social preferences.
Social Cognition, 27
(4), 623-634; Kurzban, R, Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 98
(26), 15387-15392; Markus, H.R. (2008) Pride, prejudice, and ambivalence: toward a unified theory of race and ethnicity.
American Psychologist
,
63 (8),
651-70.

³²
The prejudicing power of language: Dixon, J, Mahoney, B, & Cocks, R. (2002). Effects of regional accent, race, and crime type on attributions of guilt.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21
(2), 162-168; Lev-Ari, S., & Keysar, B. (2010). Why don’t we believe non-native speakers? The influence of accent on credibility.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46
(6), 1093-1096.

³³
Unconscious attitudes and prejudice: Avenanti, A., Sirigu, A., & Aglioti, S.M. (2010). Racial bias reduces empathic sensorimotor resonance with other-race pain.
Current Biology, 20
, 1018-1022; Balas, B., Westerlund, A., Hung, K., & Nelson, C.A. (2011). Shape, color and the other-race effect in the infant brain.
Developmental Science, 14
(4), 892-900; Banaji, M.R. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be measured. In: H.L. Roediger, J.S. Nairne, I. Neath & A. Surprenant (Eds.),
The Nature of Remembering: Essays in Honor of Robert G. Crowder.
Washington: American Psychological Association; Correll, J, Wittenbrink, B, Park, B, Judd, C.M, & Goyle, A. (2010). Dangerous enough: Moderating racial bias with contextual threat cues.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47
, 184-189; Chiao, J.Y., & Mathur, V.A. (2010). Intergroup empathy: How does race affect empathic neural responses?
Current Biology, 20
(11), R478-R480; Dunham, Y., Baron, A., & Banaji, M. (2008). The development of implicit intergroup cognition.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12
(7), 248-253; Gutsell, J.N., & Inzlicht, M. (2010). Empathy constrained: Prejudice predicts reduced mental simulation of actions during observation of outgroups.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46
, 841-845; Hein, G., Silani, G., Preuschoff, K., & Batson, C.D. (2010). Neural responses to ingroup and outgroup members’ suffering predict individual differences in costly helping.
Neuron, 68
, 149-160; Ito, T.A, & Bartholow, B.D. (2009). The neural correlates of race.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13
(12), 524-531. Masten, C.L, Telzer, E.H, & Eisenberger, N.I. (2011). An FMRI investigation of attributing negative social treatment to racial discrimination.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23
(5), 1042-1051; Xu, X., Zuo, X., Wang, X., & Han, S.. (2009). Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses.
Journal of Neuroscience, 29
(26), 8525-8529.

³⁴
Bleaching humanity of its essence: Cheng, Y., Lin, C.P., Liu, H.L., Hsu, Y.Y., Lim, K.E., Hung, D., & Decety, J. (2007). Expertise modulates the perception of pain in others.
Current Biology, 17
(19), 1708-1713; Decety, J. (2009). Empathy, sympathy and the perception of pain.
Pain, 145
(3), 365-366; Decety, J., Michalska, K.J., Akitsuki, Y., & Lahey, B.B. (2009). Atypical empathic responses in adolescents with aggressive conduct disorder: a functional MRI investigation.
Biological Psychology, 80
(2), 203-211; Jackson, P., Meltzoff, A., & Decety, J. (2005). How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy.
Neuroimage, 24
(3), 771-779; Fiske, S. (2009). From dehumanization and objectification to rehumanization.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167
, 31-34; Goff, P., Eberhardt, J., Williams, M.J., & Jackson, M.C. (2008). Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94
(2), 292-306; Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review.
Personality and Social Psychology Review 10
(3), 252-264; Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Loughnan, S., Shi, J., & Suitner, C. (2008). Subhuman, inhuman, and superhuman: contrasting humans with nonhumans in three cultures.
Social Cognition, 26
(2), 248-258; Lammers, J, & Stapel, D. (2010). Power increases dehumanization.
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14
(1), 113-126; Moller, A.C, & Deci, E.L. (2009). Interpersonal control, dehumanization, and violence: A self-determination theory perspective.
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13
(1), 41-53.

³⁵
http://312diningdiva.blogspot.com/2012/03/proof-bartenders-racist-rant-put-on.html#more

³⁶
Decety, J., Yang, C., & Cheng, Y. (2010). Physicians down-regulate their pain empathy response: An event-related brain potential study.
Neuroimage, 50
(4), 1676-1682.

³⁷
Moral disengagement: Bandura, A. (1990). Selective activation and disengagement of moral control.
Journal of Social Issues, 46,
27-46. Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
,
71
, 364–374; Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency.
Journal of Moral Education, 31
(2), 101-119; Bandura, A. (2004). The role of selective moral disengagement in terrorism and counterterrorism.
In: Understanding Terrorism: Psychosocial roots, causes, and consequences,
In: F.M. Mogahaddam & A.J. Marsella (Eds.), Washington, DC, APA Press, pp.121–150; Jackson, L. E., & Gaertner, L. (2010). Mechanisms of moral disengagement and their differential use by right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation in support of war.
Aggressive Behavior
, 36(4): 238-250; Kelman, H.C. (1973). Violence without moral restraint: reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers.
Journal of Social Issues, 29
, 25-61; McAlister, A.L., Bandura, A., & Owen, S.V. (2006). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in support of military force: The impact of Sept. 11.
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25
(2), 141-165; Obermann, M.-L. (2011). Moral disengagement in self-reported and peer-nominated school bullying.
Aggressive Behavior
,
37
, 133–144; Osofsky, M.J., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). The role of moral disengagement in the execution process.
Law and Human Behavior, 29
(4), 371-393; Shu, L.L., Gino, F. & Bazerman, M. (2011). Dishonest deed, clear conscience: when cheating leads to moral disengagement and motivated forgetting.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
37(3) 330–349; Shulman, E. P., Cauffman, E., Piquero, A. R., & Fagan, J. (2011). Moral disengagement among serious juvenile offenders: A longitudinal study of the relations between morally disengaged attitudes and offending
Developmental Psychology
47(6): 1619-1632.

³⁸
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/14/AR2005121402403.html

³⁹
Lies and self-deception: Carrión, R.E., Keenan, J.P., & Sebanz, N. (2010). A truth that’s told with bad intent: an ERP study of deception.
Cognition, 114
(1), 105-110; Dhami, M. K., Mandel, D. R., Loewenstein, G., & Ayton, P. (2006). Prisoners’ positive illusions of their post-release success.
Law and Human Behavior
,
30
(6), 631–647; Fast, N. J., Gruenfeld, D. H., Sivanathan, N., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Illusory control: A generative force behind power’s far-reaching effects.
Psychological Science
,
20
(4), 502–508; Gino, F., & Pisano, G. P. (2011). Why leaders don’t learn from success.
Harvard Business Review
,
April
, 68–74; Greene, J. D, & Paxton, J. M. (2009). Patterns of neural activity associated with honest and dishonest moral decisions.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 106
(30), 12506-12511; Johnson, D. D. P., & Fowler, J. H. (2011). The evolution of overconfidence.
Nature
,
477
(7364), 317–320; Johnson, D. D. P., Weidmann, N. B., & Cederman, L.-E. (2011). Fortune favours the bold: An agent-based model reveals adaptive advantages of overconfidence in war.
PLoS ONE
,
6
(6), e20851; Karim, A. A., Schneider, M., Lotze, M., Veit, R., Sauseng, P., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2010). The truth about lying: inhibition of the anterior prefrontal cortex improves deceptive behavior.
Cerebral Cortex, 20
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Psychological Review
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115
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Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32
, 493-561; Otter, Z., & Egan, V. (2007). The evolutionary role of self-deceptive enhancement as a protective factor against antisocial cognitions.
Personality and Individual Differences, 43
, 2258-2269; Robbins, R. W., & Beer, J. S. (2004). Positive illusions about the self: short-term benefits and long-term costs.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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80
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Evolution and Human Behavior, 20
, 3-17.