Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (122 page)

Clement (Saint) of Alexandria, Christian apologist 256, 319

Clement VII, Pope 343

Cleopatra, queen of Egypt 131, 151
n
, 165
n
, 249, 259

Clouds
(Aristophanes) 551

Clovis, king 404

Cochin-China
see
Indo-China

Codex book-format 256
n

Coins 77, 83-84, 246-249, 258, 269

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, French minister 414, 416
n
, 519

Coligny calendar 292
n

Colonization
see
Population movement

Colombia 339, 349, 372

Columbus, Christopher, Genoese explorer 334-335, 336, 336
n
, 338-341, 348, 349, 365, 385

Commerce
see
Trade

Comoros 105

Confucius, Chinese sage, 114-115, 134, 136, 150, 154, 172

Congo 105, 380, 418

Conquest and discovery of the New Kingdom of Granada
(Freyle) 341

Constantine, Roman emperor 92, 153, 256, 368

Constantine VII, Byzantine emperor 261

Constantinople 96, 240, 256-257, 260, 263, 329

Cook, Captain James 4

Coptic, modern Egyptian
, 11, 90, 90
n
, 92, 97, 117, 121, 133-134, 166, 255, 554

Cordiner, Revd James, British writer 389

Córdoba 99

Corneille, Pierre, French dramatist, 410

Cornwallis, Lord, governor-general of Bengal, 498, 506

Corriente, Federico, Spanish linguist 99

Cortés, Hernán, Spanish conquistador 1-4, 14-16, 339, 342-343, 351, 353
n
, 355

Council of the Indies 374

Council of Mainz 318

Council of Tours 318

Council of Trent 374

Creolisation 10, 292

Creoles
390, 415-116, 444, 455, 508, 575
n
63

Crete 236

Croats 430
n

Croesus, king of Lydia 41
n

Crónica Mexicayotl
354

Crouset, F. 510, 575-576
n
65

Crusades 263, 407

Crystal, David, British linguist 543

Cuba 337, 346
n
, 480

Cumbrian
464

Cuneiform
see
writing

Cunliffe, Barry, British archaeologist 290

Cursor Mundi
469

Curzon, George N., British statesman 572
n
43

Cushitic languages
36, 98

Cuzco 356-358

Cyprus 44, 71, 236

Cyrus, king of Persia 41
n
, 47, 68, 80

Czech
573
n
14

Czechs 430
n

Dacia 310

Dalmatia 310

Damascenus, Joannes, Greek Secretary 97

Damascus 43, 66, 167, 250

Daniel, Samuel 323

Dante Alighieri, Italian poet 320

Dari dialect of Persian
108

Darius, king of Persia 47-48, 57, 81, 85, 85
n
, 108, 243, 356, 548

Das Kapital
(Marx) 438
n

Dede Korkut
, Turkish traditional epic 105

De Excidio Britonum
(Gildas) 311

De la Cruz, Fray Rodrigo, Spanish friar 364

De la Salle, Robert Cavelier, French explorer 412, 520

De las Casas, Fray Bartolomé, Spanish friar 335, 365

Deimakhos, Seleucid ambassador 247

Delhi Sultanate 108

Denmark 411

Deportation 47, 56, 64-66, 79-80, 197, 360, 485, 489, 505;
see also
Population movement

Desertification of North Africa 37

Descartes, René, French philosopher 409-410

Diakonov, Igor, specialist on Iranian prehistory 43
n

Dialogue of Pessimism
31

Dialogues in the English and Malaiane Languages
(Spaulding) 323

Dialogus Ciceronianus
(Erasmus) 329

Dias, Bartolomeu, Portuguese navigator 385

Díaz del Castilla, Bernal, Spanish conquistador 4
n

Die Jungfrau von Orleans
(Schiller) 446

diglossia (
classical Arabic
and dialects) 98, (
Greek
and
Aramaic
) 247

Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian 272, 276

Dionysius the Thracian, Greek grammarian 238
n
, 247

Diori, Hamani, Nigerian 420

Discours de la méthode
(Descartes) 409-410

Disease
see
Epidemics

Dmitriy Donskoy, Grand Prince 426

Don Quixote de la Mancha
(Cervantes) 332

Doric dialect of Greek
235-236, 237
n

Dorians 240

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor M., Russian writer 422, 437, 439-440, 442

Drake, Sir Francis, English privateer 478

Dravidian languages
39, 177, 187, 197

Druids 183, 302

Dutch
325
n
, 380, 395-403, 446, 539

as
basa Perteges
389
n

Dutch interests

Calvinism 400

and China 148-149

East Indian empire 396-397, 506

and North America 482, 486, 492

and
Portuguese
389, 389
n
, 391-392, 401

Dutch East India Company
see
United East India Company (VOC)

Dutch Reformed Church 401

East Africa 101, 103-104, 412, 507-508

East Asia 209, 210
n
, 507

East India Company 148, 225, 457, 479, 497-499, 501, 504, 506, 518-519, 536, 539

East Indies 148, 385, 387, 390-391, 395
n
, 396-403, 493, 498

East Prussia 447

Ebla 37, 40, 60

Eblaite
40

Edessa 87-88, 90, 247

Edom 83

Edomite
70, 71

Edubba, Sumerian school 62-63

Edward I, English king 463

Egeria 259

Egypt 34, 39, 41-42, 45, 46-48, 62, 71, 76, 79, 86, 420

archaeology 124-129

barbarians 163

chronological charts 117-122

Greek overlordship 245, 248, 259-260

immigration 163-167

invasions 163-167, 260

multilingual 165

and neighbouring lands 123

population 152-153, 158, 173, 260
n

religion 150-152, 166-167, 172

Saite Egypt and the Near East 130, 165

trade 158

use of Aramaic 83, 129-132

Egyptian
11
n
, 12, 20-21, 36, 83, 90, 93, 97, 101, 113-117, 122-126, 129-132, 133-134, 149-153, 164-167, 248-250, 255, 292, 514, 517, 520

hieroglyphs 11
n
, 34, 113-116, 121, 124-125, 128, 132-133, 154-158, 173

Egyptian
(cont.)

literacy 156, 157

Middle Egyptian
113, 125

scripts 132, 154-158

see also
writing, hieroglyphs

Eisenstein, Sergei, Russian film director 447
n

Elam 31, 35
n
, 39, 42, 43, 46, 53, 60, 65, 87

Elamite
32, 35
n
, 39-40, 50, 56-58, 60, 62

Eleanor of Aquitaine 407
n

Elegantiarum Libri
(Valla) 27

Elimam, Abdou, Algerian linguist 78
n

Eliot, John, Massachusetts linguist 484-485

Eliot, Thomas Steams, poet 456

Elissa 69, 71

Elizabeth I 473, 478

Emegir
dialect of Sumerian
52

Emesal
dialect of Sumerian
(women’s dialect) 52

Emmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 32

English

Act of Union 465

advent of 310-314

compared its other imperial languages 516-521

Anglo-Norman
460
n
, 461-465

Anglo-Saxon
125, 313, 456, 462, 466, 517

characteristics 474-477

Cockney
406

colonizing language 325
n

dialects 468-172

Estuary English
406, 514

formal reinforcement 464-465, 468