Ebony and Ivy (67 page)

20
.
Speech of Mr. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey … April 6, 1830
, 7, 23–25;
Speech of Mr. Everett, of Massachusetts … on the 14th and 21st of February, 1831
, 9.

21
. The inscription reads: “Hon. Josiah Quincy with the best respects of his obliged friend, Elliott Cresson, Phila June 1830.” See
Report of the Board of Managers of the Pennsylvania Colonization Society, with an Appendix
(Philadelphia: Thomas Kite, 1830), 47, Widener Library, Harvard University;
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, January 1834, March 1836.

22
. W.L.G., “To the Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen: On Reading His Eloquent Speech in Defence of Indian Rights,”
Genius of Universal Emancipation
, July 1830;
Nile's Weekly Register
, 19 February 1831;
The Religious Intelligencer
, 24 April 1830, 8 May 1830;
Liberator
, 25 December 1840; “Congressional Temperance Society,”
New York Observer and Chronicle
, 9 March 1833; “First Anniversary of the New York Prison Association,”
Rural Repository
, 17 December 1845;
Episcopal Recorder
, 28 May 1831. On Garrison's
relationship to the ACS, see William Lloyd Garrison,
Thoughts on African Colonization: Or an Impartial Exhibition of the Doctrines, Principles, and Purposes of the American Colonization Society. Together with the Resolutions, Addresses and Remonstrances of the Free People of Color
(Boston: Garrison and Knapp, 1832); Henry Mayer,
All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery
(New York: St. Martin's, 1998).

23
. Theodore Frelinghuysen,
An Oration: Delivered at Princeton, New Jersey, Nov. 16, 1824, Before the New-Jersey Colonization Society, by the Honourable Theodore Frelinghuysen
(Princeton: D. A. Borrenstein, 1824), 6–14.

24
. Frelinghuysen,
An Oration: Delivered at Princeton, New Jersey, Nov. 16, 1824
, 8–9; County Tax Ratables, Somerset County, Eastern Precinct, 1784–1796, New Jersey State Archives; Richard A. Harrison,
Princetonians, 1769–1775: A Biographical Dictionary
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), 78–83.

25
. Frelinghuysen,
An Oration: Delivered at Princeton, New Jersey, Nov. 16, 1824
, 9; “Unauthorized Transformation,”
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, May 1835;
Liberator
, 11 April 1835; Samuel E. Cornish and Theodore S. Wright,
The Colonization Scheme Considered, in Its Rejection by the Colored People—in Its Tendency to Uphold Caste—in Its Unfitness for Christianizing and Civilizing the Aborigines of Africa, and for Putting a Stop to the African Slave Trade: In a Letter to the Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen and the Hon Benjamin F. Butler; by Samuel E. Cornish and Theodore S. Wright, Pastors of the Colored Presbyterian Churches in the Cities of Newark and New York
(Newark: Aaron Guest, 1840);
Letter of the Honorable William Jay, to the Hon. Theo. Frelinghuysen
(New York, 1844), 3.

26
. Henry Watson Jr., “Notes of Lectures on Ancient History by Charles Follen … 1829,” in Henry Watson Jr. Lecture Notes, 1829, I:192–94, Rare Books and Special Collections, Neilson Library, Smith College.

27
. Malcolm H. Stern,
First American Jewish Families: 600 Genealogies, 1654–1977
(Cincinnati: American Jewish Archives, 1978), 175; Thomas,
Columbia University Officers and Alumni, 1754–1857
, 200; Peter August Jay to the president of the American Society for Ameliorating the Condition of the Jews, 10 November 1822, Jay Family Papers, New-York Historical Society;
Catalogue of the Governors, Trustees and Officers, and of the Alumni and Other Graduates, of Columbia College (Originally King's College) in the City of New York
, 14; Cadwallader D. Colden's address for the New York Manumission Society,
Genius of Universal Emancipation
, 25 November 1826; Jacob Rutsen Van Rens[s]elaer to John R. Murray, 7 May 1823, and Hezekiah B. Pierpont to John R. Murray and R. Milford Blatchford, 19 May 1823, in “Lands Offered for Sale to the American Society for Ameliorating the Condition of the Jews—1823,” Misc. Mss. Jews, New-York Historical Society.

In 1823 Annibale della Genga became the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church and, as Pope Leo XII, ordered Jews to return to the
ghettos. Leo sought to end what he viewed as unsavory interactions between Jews and Christians in the Papal States by reviving medieval restrictions on the economic, social, and physical mobility of Jews. Leo reestablished compulsory sermons aimed at convincing Jews of the spiritual danger of their faith and the corruption of their religious leaders. The Jewish origin of the Christian savior, David Kertzer explains, prevented Catholic theologians from asserting the racial inferiority of Jews, but the church could and did affirm the central accusations against Jews and embrace core biological images that grounded modern anti-Semitism.

David I. Kertzer,
The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism
(New York: Knopf, 2001), 60–85, 205–12; Joshua Trachtenberg,
The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its Relation to Modern Antisemitism
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943), 11–52; Albert S. Lindemann,
Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 74–96.

28
.
The Constitution of the Portland Society for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews; with an Address to the Christian Public; and a Collection of Interesting Facts Relative to the Conversion of the Jews
(Portland, ME: Arthur Shirley, 1823), 3–18; A Presbyter of the Church of England,
Obligations of Christians to Attempt the Conversion of the Jews
(Salem: Warwick Palfray, 1822), 19–20.

29
.
Speech of Mr. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey … April 6, 1830
, 9;
Liberator
, 12 March 1831, 2 July 1831, 5 November 1831, 17 March 1832;
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, February 1835, October 1835, 1 March 1841.

30
. David Daggett to Jabez W. Huntington, 15 March 1830, Miscellaneous Manuscripts (arranged alphabetically by writer), Connecticut Historical Society.

31
. Rev. Griffin led the effort to establish the New York and New Jersey Synod's school for black youth. Arguing the irrationality of treating a majority of the world's population as unsuited to Christian uplift and intended only for slavery, the synod looked to extend the blessings of Christianity to Africans and other benighted peoples. The effort rested on a rather sober accounting of the rewards that slavery and the slave trade had provided the Americas. The synod judged the United States in “arrears” to Africa for the slave trade. The school was a step in its incremental move toward colonization as the solution to slavery. The burden of evangelizing Africa, the officers noted, rested on the Americas because the Americas housed the victims of the slave trade. Redemption was, however, in reach: “Africa will yet boast of her poets and orators.”

Philip Milledoler,
Address, Delivered to the Graduates of Rutgers College, at Commencement Held in the Reformed Dutch Church, New Brunswick, N.J., July 20, 1831
(New York: Rutgers Press, 1831), 8–15; Frelinghuysen,
An Oration: Delivered at Princeton, New Jersey, Nov. 16, 1824
, 12; “Unauthorized
Transformation,”
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, May 1835; James Richards and Edward D. Griffin, “African Seminary,”
Christian Herald
, 9 November 1816; James Richards and Edward D. Griffin, “An Address to the Public,”
Religious Remembrancer
, 28 December 1816; Elias Boudinot to Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin, 21 July 1804, Elias Boudinot Papers, Box 2, MMC 721, Library of Congress.

As the foreign secretary of the United Foreign Missionary Society, Philip Milledoler had governed missions to the Osage in Missouri for more than a decade, and advised Indian policy in Washington, D.C. An Osage child was named for him. See “New Osage Mission,”
Religious Intelligencer
, 14 October 1820; “Osage Mission,”
Religious Remembrancer
, 4 November 1820, 2 August 1823; “Second Mission to the Osages,”
Missionary Herald
, January 1821; “United Foreign Missionary Society,”
Boston Recorder
, 1 March 1823.

32
. “Speech of the Hon. William W. Ellsworth, Representative of Connecticut, Delivered in the House of Representatives, Sitting as in Committee of the Whole, on the Bill for the Removal of the Indians, Monday, May 17, 1830,” in Jeremiah Evarts, ed.,
Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians, Delivered in the Congress of the United States, April and May 1830
(Boston: Perkins and Marvin, 1830), 138.

33
. Leslie M. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Graham Russell Hodges,
Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999); Julie Winch,
Philadelphia's Black Elite: Activism, Accommodation, and the Struggle for Autonomy, 1787–1848
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Gary B. Nash,
Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community, 1720–1840
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988); Stephen David Kantrowitz,
More than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829–1889
(New York: Penguin, 2012); Adelaide M. Cromwell,
The Other Brahmins: Boston's Black Upper Class, 1750–1950
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1994); Robert J. Cottrol,
The Afro-Yankees: Providence's Black Community in the Antebellum Era
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982); William D. Piersen,
Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth Century New England
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988).

34
.
Minutes of the Proceedings of the First Annual Convention of the People of Color … from the Sixth to the Eleventh of June, Inclusive, 1831
(Philadelphia: For the Convention, 1831), in Howard Holman Bell, ed.,
Minutes of the Proceedings of the National Negro Conventions, 1830–1864
(New York: Arno, 1969).

35
.
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, April 1836; Sparks,
Historical Outline of the American Colonization Society
. On Milledoler, see note 31.

36
. Sparks,
Historical Outline of the American Colonization
, esp. 52–53.

37
.
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, March 1835; Edward Everett,
Address of the Hon. Edward Everett, Secretary of State, at the Anniversary of the Am. Col. Society, 18th Jan., 1853
, 4–8.

38
. “Professor Stowe on Colonization,”
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, December 1834; Harriet Beecher Stowe,
Uncle Tom's Cabin
(Boston: John P. Jewett, 1852), II:251, 300–22; Harriet Beecher Stowe,
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin: Presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon Which the Story Is Founded
(London: Samson Low and Son, 1853), 361.

39
.
Proceedings of a Meeting Held at Princeton, New-Jersey, July 14, 1824, to Form a Society in the State of New-Jersey, to Cooperate with the American Colonization Society
(Princeton: D. A. Borrenstein, 1824), 39–40, New-York Historical Society; Passenger log from the schooner
Alligator
, MG 49, Ship Logs, 1732–1861, New Jersey Historical Society; Rev. Daniel Coker, “Journal of Daniel Coker, 1821,” 9, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.

40
. Sean Wilentz, “Princeton and the Controversy over Slavery,”
Journal of Presbyterian History
, Fall/Winter 2007;
Catalogue of All Who Have Held Office in or Have Received Degrees from the College of New Jersey at Princeton in the State of New Jersey
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1896);
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, February 1831, October 1845, December 1846, March 1848, February 1849; Theodore Ledyard Cuyler,
Recollections of a Long Life: An Autobiography
(New York: Baker and Taylor, 1902), 9.

41
.
Proceedings of a Meeting Held at Princeton, New-Jersey, July 14, 1824
, 12–26.

42
. Frelinghuysen,
An Oration: Delivered at Princeton, New Jersey, Nov. 16, 1824
, 6–14;
Literary and Theological Review
, January 1834; “Address of the Honorable Theodore Frelinghuysen Before the New Jersey Colonization Society, at Princeton,”
Western New York Baptist Magazine
, February 1825.

43
.
Liberator
, 12 March 1831; Everett,
Address of the Hon. Edward Everett, Secretary of State, at the Anniversary of the Am. Col. Society, 18th Jan., 1853
, 7–8; Edward Everett to John Thornton Kirkland, 30 November 1818 and 1 December 1818, and Edward Everett to Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, 22 December 1818, with inserted letter following Blumenbach's death, dated 15 March 1840, “Edward Everett Letterbook, 1818–1819,” Special Collections, Houghton Library, Harvard College; Edward Everett to the Earl of Aberdeen, 30 December 1843,
African Repository and Colonial Journal
, June 1844; “William Lincoln, Notes, 1821, B[ook] II, Mr. Everetts Greek Lectures,” esp. 34–41, Lincoln Family Papers, 1667–1937, American Antiquarian Society.

44
. The Ivy League is an athletic conference organized in the early twentieth century. It includes Cornell University (1865) in New York State, which is not included here. The institutional and individual affiliations were checked against the records and periodicals of the ACS and its auxiliaries. Frederick Rudolph,
Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study, Since 1636
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977), 29. “Statistics
of Colleges and Theological Seminaries in the United States,”
The American
, August 1840; Joseph Caldwell, University of North Carolina, 15 April 1831, American Colonization Society Papers, reel 10, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; Donald G. Tewksbury,
The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War, with Particular Reference to the Religious Influences Bearing upon the College Movement
(New York: Teachers College, 1932), 32–42;
Memorial of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the American Colonization Society, Celebrated at Washington, January 15, 1867
(Washington, DC: Colonization Society Building, 1867), 182–90; Jeffrey B. Allen, “‘All of Us Are Highly Pleased with the Country': Black and White Kentuckians on Liberian Colonization,”
Phylon
, Summer 1982, 109.