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xvi
International measles epidemics:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Measles Outbreaks in the United States: Public Health Preparedness, Control and Response in Healthcare Settings and the Community,”
http://www2a.cdc.gov/HAN/ArchiveSys/ViewMstV.asp?AlertNum=00273
; R. G. Lin II, “Rise in Measles Cases Worries Health Officials,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 2, 2008; S. van den Hof, M.A.E. Conyn-van Spaendonck, and J. E. van Steenbergen, “Measles Epidemic in the Netherlands, 1999-2000,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
186 (2002): 1483-1486.
International measles epidemics:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Measles Outbreaks in the United States: Public Health Preparedness, Control and Response in Healthcare Settings and the Community,”
http://www2a.cdc.gov/HAN/ArchiveSys/ViewMstV.asp?AlertNum=00273
; R. G. Lin II, “Rise in Measles Cases Worries Health Officials,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 2, 2008; S. van den Hof, M.A.E. Conyn-van Spaendonck, and J. E. van Steenbergen, “Measles Epidemic in the Netherlands, 1999-2000,”
Journal of Infectious Diseases
186 (2002): 1483-1486.
xvi
Decline in measles immunization rates in certain communities:
D. A. Salmon, M. Haber, E. J. Gangarosa, et al., “Health Consequences of Religious and Philosophical Exemptions from Immunization Laws: Individual and Societal Risks of Measles,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
281 (1999): 47-53; D. R. Feikin, D. C. Lezotte, R. F. Hamman, et al., “Individual and Community Risks of Measles and Pertussis Associated with Personal Exemptions to Immunization,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
284 (2000): 3145-3150.
Decline in measles immunization rates in certain communities:
D. A. Salmon, M. Haber, E. J. Gangarosa, et al., “Health Consequences of Religious and Philosophical Exemptions from Immunization Laws: Individual and Societal Risks of Measles,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
281 (1999): 47-53; D. R. Feikin, D. C. Lezotte, R. F. Hamman, et al., “Individual and Community Risks of Measles and Pertussis Associated with Personal Exemptions to Immunization,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
284 (2000): 3145-3150.
xvi
Mumps outbreak:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Update: Mumps Outbreak—New York and New Jersey, June 2009-January 2010,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
59 (2010): 125-129.
Mumps outbreak:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Update: Mumps Outbreak—New York and New Jersey, June 2009-January 2010,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
59 (2010): 125-129.
xvii
Herd immunity:
P.E.M. Fine and K. Mulholland, “Community Immunity,” in
Vaccines
, 5th ed., eds. S. A. Plotkin, W. A. Orenstein, and P. A. Offit (London: Elsevier/Saunders, 2008).
Herd immunity:
P.E.M. Fine and K. Mulholland, “Community Immunity,” in
Vaccines
, 5th ed., eds. S. A. Plotkin, W. A. Orenstein, and P. A. Offit (London: Elsevier/Saunders, 2008).
xviii
Tammam Aloudat and Walter Orenstein regarding polio in Africa and the United States:
Quoted in “Heightened Awareness, Renewed Commitment Needed to Eradicate Polio,”
Infectious Diseases in Children
, June 2009.
Tammam Aloudat and Walter Orenstein regarding polio in Africa and the United States:
Quoted in “Heightened Awareness, Renewed Commitment Needed to Eradicate Polio,”
Infectious Diseases in Children
, June 2009.
xviii
Vaccine-preventable diseases in 1900s:
S. A. Plotkin, W. A. Orenstein, and P. A. Offit, eds.,
Vaccines
, 5th ed. (London: Elsevier/Saunders, 2008).
1. The Birth of FearVaccine-preventable diseases in 1900s:
S. A. Plotkin, W. A. Orenstein, and P. A. Offit, eds.,
Vaccines
, 5th ed. (London: Elsevier/Saunders, 2008).
1
Wiseman’s life:
Frederick Wiseman, U.S. documentary filmmaker,
http://museum.tv/archives/etv/W.htmlW/wisemanfred/wisemanfred.htm
.
Wiseman’s life:
Frederick Wiseman, U.S. documentary filmmaker,
http://museum.tv/archives/etv/W.htmlW/wisemanfred/wisemanfred.htm
.
1
Titicut Follies
:
Zipporah Films, Bridgewater Film Company, 1967.
Titicut Follies
:
Zipporah Films, Bridgewater Film Company, 1967.
2
Reviews of
Titicut Follies
:
Benson and Anderson,
Reality Fictions
, 55; V. Canby, “
Titicut Follies
Observes Life in Modern Bedlam,”
New York Times
, October 4, 1967; “Trials: Banned in Massachusetts,”
Time
, January 19, 1968.
Reviews of
Titicut Follies
:
Benson and Anderson,
Reality Fictions
, 55; V. Canby, “
Titicut Follies
Observes Life in Modern Bedlam,”
New York Times
, October 4, 1967; “Trials: Banned in Massachusetts,”
Time
, January 19, 1968.
2
Theatrical poster for
Titicut Follies
:
http://www.zipporah.com
.
Theatrical poster for
Titicut Follies
:
http://www.zipporah.com
.
2
Judge’s ruling on
Titicut Follies
:
Benson and Anderson,
Reality Fictions
, xxiii.
Judge’s ruling on
Titicut Follies
:
Benson and Anderson,
Reality Fictions
, xxiii.
2
Titicut Follies
ban:
Ibid., xxiv.
Titicut Follies
ban:
Ibid., xxiv.
2
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
:
WRC-TV, Washington, D.C., April 19, 1982. All documentary-related quotes and graphics subsequently cited in this chapter were obtained from this source.
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
:
WRC-TV, Washington, D.C., April 19, 1982. All documentary-related quotes and graphics subsequently cited in this chapter were obtained from this source.
6
Doctors’ response to
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
:
E. R. González, “TV Report on DTP Galvanizes US Pediatricians,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
248 (1982): 12-22.
Doctors’ response to
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
:
E. R. González, “TV Report on DTP Galvanizes US Pediatricians,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
248 (1982): 12-22.
6
Parents’ response to
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
:
Ibid; Hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations and General Oversight of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session to Examine Adverse Drug Reactions from Immunization, Federal Efforts in Preventive Medicine, and Characteristics of Certain Diseases, May 7, 1982, Written Testimony of Vincent A. Fulginiti, M.D., Chairman, Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics.
Parents’ response to
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
:
Ibid; Hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations and General Oversight of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session to Examine Adverse Drug Reactions from Immunization, Federal Efforts in Preventive Medicine, and Characteristics of Certain Diseases, May 7, 1982, Written Testimony of Vincent A. Fulginiti, M.D., Chairman, Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics.
6
Switchboard melting:
Author interview with Alan Hinman, December 7, 2009.
Switchboard melting:
Author interview with Alan Hinman, December 7, 2009.
7
Kathi Williams regarding son’s reaction to DTP:
First International Conference on Vaccination, National Vaccine Information Center, 1997.
Kathi Williams regarding son’s reaction to DTP:
First International Conference on Vaccination, National Vaccine Information Center, 1997.
7
Jeff Schwartz regarding daughter’s reaction to DTP:
Quoted in Allen,
Vaccine
, 252-253.
Jeff Schwartz regarding daughter’s reaction to DTP:
Quoted in Allen,
Vaccine
, 252-253.
8
Barbara Loe Fisher regarding son’s reaction to DTP:
B. L. Fisher, “In the Wake of Vaccines,”
Mothering
, September 1, 2004.
Barbara Loe Fisher regarding son’s reaction to DTP:
B. L. Fisher, “In the Wake of Vaccines,”
Mothering
, September 1, 2004.
9
Paula Hawkins, Lea Thompson, and Dan Mica:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 254- 255.
Paula Hawkins, Lea Thompson, and Dan Mica:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 254- 255.
10
Hawkins’s testimony:
Hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations and General Oversight of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session to Examine Adverse Drug Reactions from Immunization, Federal Efforts in Preventive Medicine, and Characteristics of Certain Diseases, May 7, 1982.
Hawkins’s testimony:
Hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations and General Oversight of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, U.S. Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session to Examine Adverse Drug Reactions from Immunization, Federal Efforts in Preventive Medicine, and Characteristics of Certain Diseases, May 7, 1982.
10
Williams’s testimony:
Ibid.
Williams’s testimony:
Ibid.
10
AAP at Hawkins hearing:
Ibid.
AAP at Hawkins hearing:
Ibid.
11
Edward Mortimer and vaccine harm:
Ibid.
Edward Mortimer and vaccine harm:
Ibid.
11
Thompson’s career:
Lea Thompson, “Dateline NBC Correspondent,”
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3949442
.
Thompson’s career:
Lea Thompson, “Dateline NBC Correspondent,”
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3949442
.
12
Thompson recalls
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
:
First International Public Conference on Vaccination, National Vaccine Information Center, 1997.
2. This EnglandThompson recalls
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
:
First International Public Conference on Vaccination, National Vaccine Information Center, 1997.
14
John Wilson at Royal Society:
B. Deer, “The Vanishing Victims,”
Sunday Times
(London), November 1, 1998.
John Wilson at Royal Society:
B. Deer, “The Vanishing Victims,”
Sunday Times
(London), November 1, 1998.
14
Wilson describes cases of vaccine harm:
M. Kulenkampff, J. S. Schwartz-man, and J. Wilson, “Neurological Complications of Pertussis Inoculation,”
Archives of Disease in Childhood
49 (1974): 46-49.
Wilson describes cases of vaccine harm:
M. Kulenkampff, J. S. Schwartz-man, and J. Wilson, “Neurological Complications of Pertussis Inoculation,”
Archives of Disease in Childhood
49 (1974): 46-49.
14
Madsen paper:
T. Madsen, “Vaccination Against Whooping Cough,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
101 (1933): 187-188.
Madsen paper:
T. Madsen, “Vaccination Against Whooping Cough,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
101 (1933): 187-188.
14
Werne and Garrow paper:
J. Werne and I. Garrow, “Fatal Anaphylactic Shock: Occurrence in Identical Twins Following Second Injection of Diphtheria Toxoid and Pertussis Antigen,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
131 (1946): 730-735.
Werne and Garrow paper:
J. Werne and I. Garrow, “Fatal Anaphylactic Shock: Occurrence in Identical Twins Following Second Injection of Diphtheria Toxoid and Pertussis Antigen,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
131 (1946): 730-735.
14
Byers and Moll paper:
R. K. Byers and F. C. Moll, “Encephalopathies Following Prophylactic Pertussis Vaccine,”
Pediatrics
1 (1948): 437-457.
Byers and Moll paper:
R. K. Byers and F. C. Moll, “Encephalopathies Following Prophylactic Pertussis Vaccine,”
Pediatrics
1 (1948): 437-457.
14
Ström paper, 1960:
J. Ström, “Is Universal Vaccination Against Pertussis Always Justified?”
British Medical Journal
2 (1960): 1184-1186.
Ström paper, 1960:
J. Ström, “Is Universal Vaccination Against Pertussis Always Justified?”
British Medical Journal
2 (1960): 1184-1186.
14
Ström paper, 1967:
J. Ström, “Further Experience of Reactions, Especially of a Cerebral Nature, in Conjunction with Triple Vaccination: A Study Based on Vaccinations in Sweden 1959-65,”
British Medical Journal
4 (1967): 320-323.
Ström paper, 1967:
J. Ström, “Further Experience of Reactions, Especially of a Cerebral Nature, in Conjunction with Triple Vaccination: A Study Based on Vaccinations in Sweden 1959-65,”
British Medical Journal
4 (1967): 320-323.
14
Wilson’s background:
B. Deer, “The Vanishing Victims,”
Sunday Times
(London), November 1, 1998.
Wilson’s background:
B. Deer, “The Vanishing Victims,”
Sunday Times
(London), November 1, 1998.
15
British television program:
Ibid.
British television program:
Ibid.
15
“Risks Concealed”:
“Whooping Cough Vaccine Risks Concealed, Say Victims’ Parents,”
Sunday Times
(London), September 22, 1974.
“Risks Concealed”:
“Whooping Cough Vaccine Risks Concealed, Say Victims’ Parents,”
Sunday Times
(London), September 22, 1974.
15
“Vaccine Call”:
“Vaccine Call Is Attacked,”
Sunday Times
(London), June 26, 1977.
“Vaccine Call”:
“Vaccine Call Is Attacked,”
Sunday Times
(London), June 26, 1977.
15
“Should Be Abandoned”:
“Whooping Cough Vaccine ‘Should Be Abandoned, ’”
The Times
(London), February 13, 1978.
“Should Be Abandoned”:
“Whooping Cough Vaccine ‘Should Be Abandoned, ’”
The Times
(London), February 13, 1978.
15
“New Campaign”:
P. Healy, “New Campaign to Win State Help for the Vaccine-Damaged,”
The Times
(London), January 15, 1980.
“New Campaign”:
P. Healy, “New Campaign to Win State Help for the Vaccine-Damaged,”
The Times
(London), January 15, 1980.
15 “
Shot in the Dark”:
G. Stewart, “Dangers of a Shot in the Dark,”
The Times
(London), September 8, 1982.
Shot in the Dark”:
G. Stewart, “Dangers of a Shot in the Dark,”
The Times
(London), September 8, 1982.
15
“Boy’s Brain Damaged”:
“Boy’s Brain Damaged in Vaccine Experiment,”
Sunday Times
(London), May 30, 1976.
“Boy’s Brain Damaged”:
“Boy’s Brain Damaged in Vaccine Experiment,”
Sunday Times
(London), May 30, 1976.
15
Dick paper:
G. Dick, “Letter: Whooping-Cough Vaccine,”
British Medical Journal
4 (1975): 161.
Dick paper:
G. Dick, “Letter: Whooping-Cough Vaccine,”
British Medical Journal
4 (1975): 161.
15
Stewart editorial:
G. Stewart, “Dangers of a Shot in the Dark,”
The Times
(London), September 8, 1982.
Stewart editorial:
G. Stewart, “Dangers of a Shot in the Dark,”
The Times
(London), September 8, 1982.
15
David Kerridge:
Quoted in “Whooping Cough Vaccine ‘Should Be Abandoned, ’”
The Times
(London), February 13, 1978.
David Kerridge:
Quoted in “Whooping Cough Vaccine ‘Should Be Abandoned, ’”
The Times
(London), February 13, 1978.
15
Health officials concerned:
“Family Doctors Split over Whooping Cough Vaccine Dangers,”
Sunday Times
(London), March 13, 1977.
Health officials concerned:
“Family Doctors Split over Whooping Cough Vaccine Dangers,”
Sunday Times
(London), March 13, 1977.
16
Editorial describes outbreak of fear:
“Whooping-Cough Vaccination,”
British Medical Journal
4 (1975): 186-187.
Editorial describes outbreak of fear:
“Whooping-Cough Vaccination,”
British Medical Journal
4 (1975): 186-187.
16
Pertussis in England in late 1970s:
J. P. Baker, “The Pertussis Vaccine Controversy in Great Britain, 1974-1986,”
Vaccine
21 (2003): 4003- 4010; E. R. González, “TV Report on DTP Galvanizes US Pediatricians,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
248 (1982): 12-22.
Pertussis in England in late 1970s:
J. P. Baker, “The Pertussis Vaccine Controversy in Great Britain, 1974-1986,”
Vaccine
21 (2003): 4003- 4010; E. R. González, “TV Report on DTP Galvanizes US Pediatricians,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
248 (1982): 12-22.
16
Salisbury on pertussis epidemic:
Author interview with David Salisbury, November 30, 2009.
Salisbury on pertussis epidemic:
Author interview with David Salisbury, November 30, 2009.
16
Pertussis in Japan:
E. J. Gangarosa, A. M. Galazka, C. R. Wolfe, et al., “Impact of Anti-Vaccine Movements on Pertussis Control: The Untold Story,”
The Lancet
351 (1998): 356-361.
Pertussis in Japan:
E. J. Gangarosa, A. M. Galazka, C. R. Wolfe, et al., “Impact of Anti-Vaccine Movements on Pertussis Control: The Untold Story,”
The Lancet
351 (1998): 356-361.
16
Rosemary Fox:
B. Deer, “The Vanishing Victims,”
Sunday Times
(London), November 1, 1998.
Rosemary Fox:
B. Deer, “The Vanishing Victims,”
Sunday Times
(London), November 1, 1998.
17
Cherry regarding pertussis outbreak in England:
Author interview with James Cherry, November 27, 2009.
Cherry regarding pertussis outbreak in England:
Author interview with James Cherry, November 27, 2009.
17
Survey of general practitioners:
O. Gillie, “Family Doctors Split over Whooping Cough Vaccine Dangers,”
Sunday Times
(London), March 13, 1977.
Survey of general practitioners:
O. Gillie, “Family Doctors Split over Whooping Cough Vaccine Dangers,”
Sunday Times
(London), March 13, 1977.
17
Pertussis deaths in the United Kingdom:
J. D. Cherry, “The Epidemiology of Pertussis and Pertussis Immunization in the United Kingdom and the United States: A Comparative Study,”
Current Problems in Pediatrics
14 (1984): 7-77.
Pertussis deaths in the United Kingdom:
J. D. Cherry, “The Epidemiology of Pertussis and Pertussis Immunization in the United Kingdom and the United States: A Comparative Study,”
Current Problems in Pediatrics
14 (1984): 7-77.
17
Pertussis deaths classified as SIDS:
Author interview with James Cherry, November 27, 2009; A. Nicoll and A. Gardner, “Whooping Cough and Unrecognized Postperinatal Mortality,”
Archives of Disease in Childhood
63 (1988): 41-47.
Pertussis deaths classified as SIDS:
Author interview with James Cherry, November 27, 2009; A. Nicoll and A. Gardner, “Whooping Cough and Unrecognized Postperinatal Mortality,”
Archives of Disease in Childhood
63 (1988): 41-47.
18
Miller study:
D. L. Miller, E. M. Ross, R. Alderslade, et al., “Pertussis Immunization and Serious Acute Neurological Illness in Children,”
British Medical Journal
282 (1981): 1595-1599; D. Miller, N. Madge, J. Diamond, et al., “Pertussis Immunization and Serious Acute Neurological Illness in Children,”
British Medical Journal
307 (1993): 1171-1176.
Miller study:
D. L. Miller, E. M. Ross, R. Alderslade, et al., “Pertussis Immunization and Serious Acute Neurological Illness in Children,”
British Medical Journal
282 (1981): 1595-1599; D. Miller, N. Madge, J. Diamond, et al., “Pertussis Immunization and Serious Acute Neurological Illness in Children,”
British Medical Journal
307 (1993): 1171-1176.
18
Lea Thompson and lawyers:
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
, WRC-TV, Washington, D.C., April 19, 1982.
Lea Thompson and lawyers:
DPT: Vaccine Roulette
, WRC-TV, Washington, D.C., April 19, 1982.
18
Increased number of DTP lawsuits:
A. R. Hinman, “DTP Vaccine Litigation,”
American Journal of Diseases in Children
140 (1986): 528-530.
Increased number of DTP lawsuits:
A. R. Hinman, “DTP Vaccine Litigation,”
American Journal of Diseases in Children
140 (1986): 528-530.
19
Tyler White:
White v. Wyeth Laboratories
, 40 Ohio St. 3d 390.
Tyler White:
White v. Wyeth Laboratories
, 40 Ohio St. 3d 390.
19
Michelle Graham:
Graham v. Wyeth Laboratories
, 666 F. Supp. 1483
Michelle Graham:
Graham v. Wyeth Laboratories
, 666 F. Supp. 1483
19
Michelle Graham award:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 272.
Michelle Graham award:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 272.
19
Melanie Tom award:
Ibid.
Melanie Tom award:
Ibid.
19
Other DTP awards:
W. A. Check, “How to Remedy Possible Harm to a Few Persons from Vaccines That Could Benefit Entire Society?”
Journal of the American Medical Association
252 (1984): 2942-2946.
Other DTP awards:
W. A. Check, “How to Remedy Possible Harm to a Few Persons from Vaccines That Could Benefit Entire Society?”
Journal of the American Medical Association
252 (1984): 2942-2946.
19
Increase in monetary value of lawsuits:
A. R. Hinman, “DTP Vaccine Litigation,”
American Journal of Diseases in Children
140 (1986): 528-530.
Increase in monetary value of lawsuits:
A. R. Hinman, “DTP Vaccine Litigation,”
American Journal of Diseases in Children
140 (1986): 528-530.
19
Increased cost of lawsuits:
Ibid.
Increased cost of lawsuits:
Ibid.
19
Decreased number of companies making DTP vaccine:
Letter from H. M. Meyer, director of the Bureau of Biologics to Dr. Bruce Dull of the Centers for Disease Control, December 1, 1975. This letter was generously provided by Dr. Bruce Weninger, CDC.
Decreased number of companies making DTP vaccine:
Letter from H. M. Meyer, director of the Bureau of Biologics to Dr. Bruce Dull of the Centers for Disease Control, December 1, 1975. This letter was generously provided by Dr. Bruce Weninger, CDC.
19
Three companies making DTP in 1982:
A. R. Hinman, “DTP Vaccine Litigation,”
American Journal of Diseases in Children
140 (1986): 528-530.
Three companies making DTP in 1982:
A. R. Hinman, “DTP Vaccine Litigation,”
American Journal of Diseases in Children
140 (1986): 528-530.
19
Wyeth drops out:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 283.
Wyeth drops out:
Allen,
Vaccine
, 283.
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