Consuming Passions: Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain (89 page)

23
Feather,
Provincial Book Trade
, p. 48.

24
Colley,
Britons
, p. 220.

25
Clarke,
From Grub Street to Fleet Street
, pp. 96, 100.

26
Feather,
Provincial Book Trade
, p. 17.

27
la Roche,
Sophie in London
, pp. 95-100.

28
Neil McKendrick, ‘George Packwood and the Commercialization of Shaving’, in McKendrick, Brewer, Plumb,
Birth of a Consumer Society
, pp. 176-7.

29
Ian Mitchell, ‘The Development of Urban Retailing, 1700-1815’, in Peter Clark, ed.,
The Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 1600-1800
(London, Hutchinson, 1984), pp. 261-2, 267, 271-6.

30
Barry O’Connor, ‘Sir John Hill’, in
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

31
Cited in Roy Porter,
Quacks: Fakers and Charlatans in English Medicine
(Stroud, Tempus, 2000), p. 111.

32
Kirsten Drotner,
English Children and their Magazines, 1751-1945
(New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988), p. 17.

33
Cited in Porter,
Quacks
, p. 55.

34
Cited in Robin Myers and Michael Harris, eds.,
Author/Publisher Relations during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(Oxford, Oxford Polytechnic Press, 1983), p. 38.

35
Cited in Mui and Mui,
Shops and Shopkeeping
, pp. 230, 229.

36
Robinson,
Britain’s Post Office
, pp. 96, 122.

37
Porter,
Quacks
, pp. 83-4.

38
Cited in Uglow,
Lunar Men
, p. 37.

39
Porter,
Quacks
, pp. 21-2.

40
Roy Porter,
Bodies Politic: Disease, Death and the Doctors in Britain, 1650-1900
(London, Reaktion, 2001), pp. 207-8.

41
Stephen Paget,
John Hunter, Man of Science and Surgeon (1728-1793)
(London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1897), p. 165.

42
Cited in Henry Sampson,
A History of Advertising from the Earliest Times
(London, Chatto & Windus, 1874), pp. 411-18.

43
Cited in McKendrick, ‘George Packwood and the Commercialization of Shaving’, in McKendrick, Brewer, Plumb,
Birth of a Consumer Society
, pp. 150-51.

44
Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, p. 167.

45
Cox,
Complete Tradesman
, p. 150.

46
William St Clair,
Reading Nation
, pp. 10-11.

47
Feather,
Provincial Book Trade
, pp. 33-4.

48
Ibid., pp. 36-7.

49
Ibid., p. 151.

50
Altick,
English Common Reader
, pp. 73-5.

51
T. W. Laqueur,
Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1850
(London, Yale University Press, 1976), p. 44 (and also for the figure for 1851 later in the paragraph).

52
Adam Smith,
The Wealth of Nations
, vol. II, p. 202.

53
Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 330.

54
Charles Kingsley,
Yeast: A Problem
(London, John W. Parker, 1851), pp. 229-30.

55
Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 329; Nevett,
Advertising in Britain
, p. 41.

56
‘The Newspaper Press’,
Quarterly Review
, 150 (1880), p. 521.

57
This is a paraphrase, from J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue,
The Civilisation of the Crowd: Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900
(rev. ed., Stroud, Sutton, 1999), p. 133.

58
Virginia Berridge, ‘Popular Sunday Papers and mid-Victorian Society’, in George Boyce, James Curran and Pauline Wingate, eds.,
Newspaper History from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day
(London, Constable, 1978), p. 257.

59
The analysis of the content of these three papers was tabulated in ibid., pp. 256-8.

60
Ibid., pp. 327-31.

61
Frederick Pollock,
The Law of Torts
(3rd ed., London, Stevens and Sons, 1892).

62
Donald J. Gray, ‘Early Victorian Scandalous Journalism: Renton Nicholson’s
The Town
(1837-42)’, in Joanne Shattock and Michael Wolff, eds.,
The Victorian Periodical Press: Samplings and Soundings
(Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1982), pp. 318-19, 322-3.

63
Graham Pollard, ‘Serial Fiction’, in John Carter, ed.,
New Paths in Book Collecting
(reprint; Freeport, NY, Books for Libraries Press, 1967), p. 265.

64
Henry Vizetelly,
Glances Back through Seventy Years
(London, Kegan, Paul & Co., 1893), pp. 13, 11-12.

65
‘Cheap Literature’,
British Quarterly Review
, 29 (1859), pp. 333ff., cited in Patricia Anderson,
The Printed Image and the Transformation of Popular Culture, 1790-1860
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991), p. 102.

66
Aled Jones, ‘Tillotson’s Fiction Bureau: The Manchester Manuscripts’,
Victorian Periodicals Review
, 17, 1 and 2 (1984), pp. 44-6.

67
Graham Pollard, ‘Serial Fiction’, in Carter,
New Paths in Book Collecting
, p. 269.

68
1 & 2 Vict. Cap. 98; cited in Simmons,
The Victorian Railway
, p. 222.

69
Ibid. pp. 220, 222.

70
Ibid., p. 117.

71
Gwen Clear,
The Story of W. H. Smith and Son
(London, private publication, 1949), pp. 3-4, 6, 7-8.

72
Ibid., p. 9.

73
Simmons,
The Victorian Railway
, p. 240.

74
Altick,
English Common Reader
, pp. 354-5.

75
D. C. Coleman,
The British Paper Industry, 1495-1860: A Study in Industrial Growth
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1958), pp. 91-3.

76
Ibid., pp. 111-12, 113-17.

77
Ibid., pp. 180-81, 191-5.

78
Cynthia L. White,
Women’s Magazines, 1693-1968
(London, Michael Joseph, 1970), pp. 60-61.

79
Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 357.

80
White,
Women’s Magazines
, p. 61.

81
Obituary of John Walter,
The Times
, 29 July 1847, p. 7, cols. c-d.

82
The Applegarth: Nevett,
Advertising in Britain
, p. 40, and also Dilwyn Porter, ‘John Walter (1818-1894)’, in
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
The Hoe and
Lloyd’s
: Drotner,
English Children and their Magazines
, p. 66. The Hoe and
The Times
: White,
Women’s Magazines
, p. 62.

83
Nevett,
Advertising in Britain
, p. 79.

84
Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 356.

85
Clarke,
From Grub Street to Fleet Street
, pp. 130-32.

86
Adrian Harvey,
The Beginnings of a Commercial Sporting Culture in Britain, 1793-1850
(Aldershot, Ashgate, 2004), p. 32.

87
Tony Mason, ‘Sporting News, 1860-1914’, in Harris and Lee,
The Press in English Society
, p. 178.

88
Robinson,
Britain’s Post Office
, p. 99.

89
Harvey,
Commercial Sporting Culture
, p. 45.

90
Tony Mason, ‘Sporting News’, in Harris and Lee,
The Press in English Society
, p. 172; Tony Mason,
Association Football and English Society, 1863-1915
(Brighton, Harvester, 1980), pp. 188-9.

91
Harvey,
Commercial Sporting Culture
, p. 46.

92
Ibid., pp. 43, 46.

93
Cited in Mason, ‘Sporting News’, in Harris and Lee,
The Press in English Society
, p. 171.

94
Ibid., pp. 169-72.

95
Harvey,
Commercial Sporting Culture
, pp. 47-8.

96
Mike Huggins,
The Victorians and Sport
(London, Hambledon and London, 2004), p. 150.

97
Ibid., p. 153; Mason, ‘Sporting News’, in Harris and Lee,
The Press in English Society
, pp. 174, 176.

98
Ibid., pp. 177-8.

99
Louis James,
Fiction for the Working Man, 1830-1850: A Study of the Literature Produced for the Working
Classes in Early Victorian Urban England (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1974), p. 49.

100
Anderson,
Printed Image
, pp. 46-7.

101
Ibid., pp. 54-7.

102
Cited in ‘Introduction’, Andrew King and John Plunkett, eds.,
Popular Print Media, 1820-1900
(London, Routledge, 2004), vol. 1, p. 10.

103
Listed in Altick,
English Common Reader
, p. 338.

104
Anderson,
Printed Image
, pp. 94-5.

105
White,
Women’s Magazines
, p. 30.

106
Margaret Beetham,
A Magazine of her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman’s Magazine, 1800-1914
(London, Routledge, 1996), pp. 17, 27.

107
La Belle Assemblée
, February-April 1806.

108
Ibid., January-June 1832.

109
Ibid.

110
‘March Fashions’,
Punch
, 1848, p. 91.

111
Loeb,
Consuming Angels
, p. 78.

112
Margaret Beetham and Kay Boardman, eds.,
Victorian Women’s Magazines: An Anthology
(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2001), p. 159.

113
Cited in White,
Women’s Magazines
, p. 44.

114
Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine
, supplements IX, 1864; III, 1863; cited in Beetham,
A Magazine of her Own?
, pp. 75-8.

115
Cited in Beetham and Boardman,
Victorian Women’s Magazines
, p. 90.

116
Sampson,
History of Advertising
, p. 15.

117
Noted by the House of Commons Select Committee on Patent Medicines, 1912-14, Q3897, Q3898.

118
Berridge, ‘Popular Sunday Papers’, in Boyce et al.,
Newspaper History
, p. 250.

119
Cited in White,
Women’s Magazines
, p. 65.

120
Louis Collins,
The Advertisers Guardian (and Advertisement Agents’ Guide)
(London, [no publisher], 1885), p. 20.

121
Beetham,
A Magazine of her Own?
, pp. 96-7.

5:
Penny a Line: Books and the Reading Public

1
Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, pp. 169, 186.

2
Jane Austen,
Northanger Abbey
[1818];
Lady Susan; The Watsons; Sanditon
, ed. James Kinsley and John Davie; intro. and notes, Claudia L. Johnson (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 26.

3
Samuel Richardson to Bishop Hildersley, 1761, John Carroll, ed.,
Selected Letters of Samuel Richardson
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1964), p. 341.

4
Cited in Feather,
Provincial Book Trade
, p. 65.

5
Frances Burney,
Cecilia, or, Memoirs of an Heiress
(1782), ed. Peter Sabor and Margaret Anne Doody (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 722.

6
Charles Babbage,
On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures
(3rd ed., [no place of publication], Charles Knight, 1833), p. 315.

7
Borsay,
English Urban Renaissance
, p. 131.

8
Brewer,
Pleasures of the Imagination
, p. 137.

9
Ibid., p. 175.

10
Cited in St Clair,
Reading Nation
, p. 143.

11
Shakespeare: Marcus Walsh, ‘Literary Scholarship and the Life of Editing’, in Isabel Rivers,
Books and their Readers in Eighteenth-Century England: New Essays
(London, Leicester University Press, 2001), pp. 209-10. New novels: David Saunders,
Authorship and Copyright
(London, Routledge, 1992), p. 136. Byron: St Clair,
Reading Nation
, p. 194. Incomes: James Raven,
Judging New Wealth: Popular Publishing and Responses to Commerce in England, 1750-1800
(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 58.

12
St Clair,
Reading Nation
, pp. 623-4.

13
Cited in ibid., p. 309; the figures for Godwin and Paine are found in appendix 9, pp. 600 and 623-4.

14
Figures for Fielding and the
Rambler
: Altick,
English Common Reader
, pp. 49, 50. Byron: St Clair,
Reading Nation
, p. 586.

15
Borsay,
English Urban Renaissance
, p. 132.

16
Michael Powell and Terry Wyke, ‘Penny Capitalism in the Manchester Book Trade: The Case of James Weatherley’, in Peter Isaac and Barry McKay, eds.,
The Reach of Print: Making, Selling and Using Books
(Winchester, St Paul’s Bibliographies, 1998), pp. 135-56,
passim.

17
Paul Kaufman,
Libraries and their Users: Collected Papers in Library History
(London, The Library Association, 1969), pp. 116-18.