Computing with Quantum Cats (34 page)

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PHOTOS IN THE TEXT

7: the Granger Collection, New York; 9: King's College Library, Cambridge/AMT/K/7/12; 53: Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 97: provided with kind permission of Dr. Tonomura; 99: CERN/Science Photo Library; 135: © 1982 CERN; 181: Winfried Hensinger, University of Sussex; 183: Lulie Tanett; 226: Getty Images

PHOTO INSERT

Credits are listed clockwise on each spread, starting from the top left.

Alan Turing on Waterloo Station, c. 1926 (detail):
King's College Library, Cambridge/AMT/K/7/3;
Letter from Alan Turing, April 1, 1923:
King's College Library, Cambridge/AMT/K/1/1, © P. N. Furank;
Alan Turing finishing a race:
National Physical Laboratory © Crown copyright/Science Photo Library

Hut 3, Bletchley Park:
© Edifice/Corbis;
Colossus, 1943:
SSPL via Getty Images;
codebreakers, Bletchley Park, c. 1942:
SSPL via Getty Images

ENIAC:
Associated Press;
advertisement for the Bendix G-15 computer:
courtesy of the Computer History Museum;
J. Robert Oppenheimer and John von Neumann:
Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute of Physics/Science Photo Library

Fred Hoyle:
BBC Photo Library;
bio-wall:
Philippe Plailly/Science Photo Library

Fifth Solvay Physics Conference, Brussels, 1927:
SSPL via Getty Images;
quantum cryptography equipment:
Volker Steger/Science Photo Library;
MRI scanner, 2010: Boston Globe
via Getty Images;
double-slit refraction:
GIPhotostock/Science Photo Library

John Stewart Bell, 1989:
Corbin O'Grady Studio/Science Photo Library;
David Bohm, 1971:
Getty Images;
Alain Aspect:
Österreichische Zentralbibliothek für Physik (Austrian Central Library for Physics);
Hans Georg Dehmelt:
Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute of Physics/Science Photo Library

Brian Josephson, November 23, 1973:
PA/PA Archive/Press Association Images;
David Wineland adjusting an ultraviolet laser, 2003:
© Geoffrey Wheeler/National Institute of Standards and Technology;
Nobel laureates David J. Wineland and Serge Haroche, December 2012:
AFP/Getty Images;
Gary Kasparov vs. a computer, May 3, 1997:
AFP/Getty Images

Ion trap laboratory and chip:
Winfried Hensinger, University of Sussex

Aberdeen Proving Ground,
68
,
74
,
76
,
79

Abramson, Albert,
72

ACE (Automatic Computing Engine),
47
–
8
,
50

Adleman, Len,
204

Aharonov, Yakir,
163
,
164

Aiken, Howard,
69

American Physical Society,
165
,
166

American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T),
33

ancilla,
222
–
3

Anderson, Philip,
232
–
4

artificial intelligence,
82

Aspect, Alain,
168
–
74

Atkins, James,
16

Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE),
149
,
152
,
153
–
4

atoms: cavity quantum electrodynamics,
227
,
260
–
2
; donor,
246
,
247
; Manhattan Project,
63
; manipulation of,
1
,
217
,
224
–
5
,
243
; nanotechnology,
94
; NMR,
250
–
1
; number in visible Universe,
208
; quantum computing,
134
; quantum dots,
242
–
3

automata,
83
; cellular model,
85
–
6
; self-reproducing,
84
–
6

Bader, Abram,
113
–
14

ballistics,
67
–
8
,
73

Bates, Audrey,
49

Bell, John Stewart: Aspect's visit,
171
; career,
152
,
153
–
5
; childhood,
149
–
50
; death,
174
; education,
150
–
2
; on experiments,
169
–
70
; on FAPP,
106
; Feynman's work,
133
; on “hidden variables” theory,
137
; on “many-universes interpretation,”
174
–
5
,
185
–
6
; marriage,
152
–
3
; Nobel nomination,
174
; refutation of von Neumann's argument,
156
–
7
; on wave function,
184
; writings: “On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox,”
158
–
62
,
163
,
171
; “On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics,”
156
–
7
,
165
;
see also
Bell's inequality, Bell's theorem

Bell, Mary,
152
–
3
,
154
–
5

Bell Laboratories,
33
,
69
,
125
,
233

Bell-state measurement,
257

Bell's inequality,
159
; Aspect's work,
172
; Chinese experiments,
258
; Clauser's work,
166
,
167
; Feynman's work,
133
; Fry's work,
168
; Holt's work,
165
,
167
–
8
; Horne's work,
164
; teleportation,
256

Bell's theorem,
159
,
174
,
189
; Aspect's work,
171
–
3
; Clauser and Freedman's work,
166
–
7
,
171
; Fry's work,
168
; Holt's work,
167
–
8
; Josephson's work,
231
; Shimony and Horne's work,
164
; testing,
161
,
163
,
164
,
166
–
70

Bendix Corporation,
48

Benioff, Paul,
131
–
2
,
134

Bennett, Charles,
128
,
129
,
196

Berkeley, University of California at,
145
–
6
,
164
,
166
,
204
,
253

Berlin, University of,
55
–
6

Bernstein, Jeremy,
150
,
154

Bigelow, Julian,
23
,
85

Billings, John,
66

binary code,
18
–
19

Birkbeck College, London,
51
,
149

Birmingham University,
152
,
153

bits (binary digits),
2
,
134
,
176
,
242

Bletchley Park,
29
–
35
,
37
–
9
,
41
–
3
,
44
,
204

Bliss, Gilbert,
74

Bohm, David: career,
145
–
6
,
148
–
9
; on entanglement,
163
; on EPR puzzle,
146
–
8
; on hidden variables,
147
–
9
,
156
; influence,
154
,
157
,
164
,
165
,
170
; writings:
Quantum Theory
,
146
–
8

Bohr, Niels: Copenhagen institute,
59
,
105
; Copenhagen Interpretation,
105
,
138
,
142
,
145
,
146

Bombas,
28
–
9
,
30

Bombes,
28
,
30
–
3
,
40

Boole, George,
123

Boolean algebra,
123

Born, Max,
106
,
151
–
2
,
154
,
162

bosons,
176
,
178

Boston University,
163

Boulder, Colorado,
216
,
219
,
220
,
253

BQP (bounded-error quantum polynomial) problems,
213

Brandeis University,
155
,
161

Brewster, Edwin,
11
–
12

Bristol, University of,
264
–
5

British Tabulating Machine Company,
30
–
1

Bronowski, Jacob,
89

Brooker, Tony,
50

Brown, Julian,
207

Budapest, University of,
55
–
6

Burks, Arthur,
79

bus,
79
–
80
; quantum,
240

bytes,
2
–
3

Caltech,
130
,
133
,
145

Cambridge University,
16
–
21
,
77
,
231

carbon-
13
,
248
–
9

cathode ray tubes,
72
–
3

cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED),
227
,
260

central processing unit (CPU),
79

Center for Quantum Computation, Oxford,
190

Center for Quantum Photonics, Bristol,
264
–
5

CERN,
153
,
154
–
5

charge qubit,
243

chess,
92
,
210
–
12

Children's Hour
(BBC),
50

chips,
90
,
91

CHSH paper,
166

Chuang, Isaac,
223

Church, Alonzo,
21
,
22
,
23

Church-Turing principle,
196

Churchill, Winston,
43
–
4

CIP Technologies,
264

ciphers and codes: Enigma,
25
–
30
; one time pad,
203
–
4
; quantum computers,
1
,
203
–
10
,
213
,
266
; Shor's algorithm,
206
–
9
,
210
,
212
,
213
; speech encipherment,
33
,
34
; Tunny,
35
–
40
,
44
; Turing's early work,
23
–
4

Cirac, Juan Ignacio,
216
–
17
,
220

Clark, Terry,
235

Clarke, Joan,
33

Clauser, John,
165
–
9
,
171
,
172
,
173
,
174

Cleve, Richard,
211
–
12

Cloud,
91
–
2

CNOT (Controlled NOT) gate,
215
–
17
,
220
,
225
–
6
,
228
,
240
,
262
–
4

coarse-grained universes,
201
–
2

codes,
see
ciphers and codes

Cohen, Morrel,
233

Colossus: achievements,
41
,
42
–
3
; destruction of machines,
43
–
4
; development,
40
–
1
,
82
,
93
,
203
; first electronic computer,
42
,
77
; Flowers' work,
40
–
2
,
49
; production,
41
–
2
; programming,
42
; replica,
44
; size,
253
; Turing's work,
33
,
40
–
3
; valves,
40
–
1
,
263

Columbia University,
69
,
100

Commins, Gene,
164
,
166
–
7

Communications Supplementary Services (Washington) (CSSW),
33

computation: act of,
125
–
7
; reversible,
126
,
127
–
9

computers: conventional (classical),
2
–
3
,
132
,
203
,
210
,
213
–
15
,
224
; fallibility of components,
82
–
4
; first complete and fully operational electronic digital stored-program computer,
77
; first electronic computer,
42
,
70
,
77
; first programmable electromechanical digital computer,
70
; first stored-program computer,
49
,
70
,
76
–
7
; languages,
50
; parallel architecture,
80
; quantum,
see
quantum computers; reversible,
128
; serial architecture,
79
–
80
; size,
253
; Turing machines,
20
–
1
,
43
,
81
–
2
,
91
,
131
,
196
–
7
; Turing's early work,
18
–
20
,
28
; universal,
20
,
46
,
86

Computron,
73

Copenhagen Interpretation,
105
–
7
; Bell's work,
158
–
9
,
184
; Bohm's work,
146
,
147
; comparison with hidden variables theory,
139
; Einstein's view,
142
,
144
; Everett's work,
184
,
186
; influence,
145
,
149
; Schrödinger's view,
120
–
2
,
138

CPT theorem,
153

cryptography: future of quantum computing,
265
; “one time pad,”
203
–
4
; public key,
204
–
5
; RSA algorithm,
204
–
6
; Shannon's work,
125
; Shor's algorithm,
206
–
9
,
210
,
212
,
213
; Turing's work,
23
–
4
,
33
,
38
–
9

D-Day,
42
–
3

Dalibard, Jean,
171

Dán, Klára (Klári),
59
–
60

data storage,
91
–
2

Datta, Animesh,
268
,
269

Davies, Paul,
161
,
174
,
192

de Broglie, Louis: career,
135
–
6
; Clauser's work,
165
; hidden variables theory,
137
–
8
,
144
–
5
; 90th birthday symposium,
154
; on particles and waves,
136
; pilot wave idea,
137
,
138
,
142
,
148
,
149