Braudel, Fernand, on civilization(s)
xxv–xxvi
,
3
Brazil
17
,
127
,
130
,
139
slavery in
130–32
,
133
Brazzaville Conference (1944)
195
Britain
12
,
14
,
161
,
201
,
202
Simón Bolívar, support for
121–2
,
125
Christianity, decline of
267–70
financial system
161
,
219
France and
140
,
160
,
161
,
173
Industrial Revolution
10
,
13
,
21
,
28–9
,
70
,
199–200
,
203–5
legal system
202–3
living standards
210–11
London
see
London
political system
202–3
in Second World War
234
see also
England
;
Scotland
British army
233–4
British East India Company
38
,
83
,
161
,
201
,
278
British empire
142
,
164
,
263–4
in Africa
148
,
168
,
173
,
176
in America
see
America, North, British colonies
decline of
163
,
303
extent of
142
in India
144
,
169–70
,
264
Jamaica
148
property rights
125
Bruckner, Anton
xxiii
Bruegel, Pieter (the Elder):
The Triumph of Death
(painting)
25–6
Brunelleschi, Filippo
60
Burke, Edmund
on American Revolution
149
on French Revolution
149
,
150–52
,
152
n,
155
,
156
Burnett, Leo
241
Burns, Robert
xxiii–xxiv
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de
9
,
53
Bush, George W.
xvi
,
xvii
Butterfield, Herbert
xxi
Byron, Lord George
74
,
121
Byzantine empire
3
,
4
,
17
,
52
Cajamarca, battle of (1532)
100
,
101
Callot, Jacques:
Miseries of War
(engravings)
12
Canada
116
,
119
,
125
see also
America, North, British colonies
Cápac, Manco
100
capitalism
7
,
11
,
14
,
15–16
,
205
,
207–8
,
210–11
,
219
,
246
,
262–3
,
288
development of
263
; in China
17
,
252–3
,
277
,
304
,
306–8
in Great Depression
229–31
Carabobo, battle of (1821)
122
,
123
Caribbean area
10
,
97
,
119
,
120
,
123
,
148
slavery in
131
Carlyle, Thomas, on the cash nexus
206
Cartwright, Edmund
200
Castellani, Aldo
170
Catholicism
17
,
61
,
259
,
260
,
263
,
266
,
269
,
278
in Spanish American colonies
113–14
,
120
,
120
n,
131
Cavour, conte Camillo Benso de
214
Caxton, William
61
Celsus:
De re medica
62–3
Chancellor, Richard
36
Chanoine, Julien
166
Charles I, King of England
194
,
106
,
107
,
152
Charmes, Gabriel
165
Chávez, Hugo
128
Chesterton, G. K.
on religion
288
,
289
Short History of England
268
Chiang Kai-shek
283
‘Chimerica’
xvii
,
315–16
China
xv
,
xviii
,
4
,
5
,
9
,
12
,
13
,
16
,
19–22
,
23
Africa and
32
,
154–5
Beijing
4
,
5
,
20
,
22
,
44
Boxer Rebellion
282–3
capitalism in
17
,
252–3
,
277
,
304
,
306–8
Christianity in
see
Protestantism
below
Confucian philosophy
21
,
27
,
32
,
43
,
164
,
286
Cultural Revolution (1964–76)
283
,
294
decline of
44–9
,
57
education in
43
England and
47–9
exploration, voyages of
28–33
,
48
geography
36–7
Great Leap Forward (1958–62)
283
Great Wall
42
India and
29
,
32
industrialization
225
,
284
,
285
Japan and
226
,
233
,
234
Leibniz on
46
linguistic issues
43
living standards
21–2
,
26–8
,
44
,
210–11
,
304
Montesquieu on
20–21
,
77
Nanjing
21
,
22
,
23
,
43
political system
42–3
,
283
,
284
population figures
10
,
20–21
,
44
Portugal and
35
Protestantism in
277–80
,
282–8
; radical sects
285–6
François Quesnay on
46
,
77–8
Adam Smith on
19
,
20
,
46
,
78
Taiping Rebellion
211
,
279–80
,
285
trade: internal
22
,
23
; external
29
,
31
,
35
,
47
,
48
Voltaire on
46
Max Weber on
27
,
264
Wenzhou
284–5
Westerners in: Earl Macartney
21
,
47
; Marco Polo
21–2
,
27
; Matteo Ricci
41
as a world power
257
,
295–325
; problems faced by
319–22
Yangzi river
21
,
48
; Grand Canal
21–2
,
48
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
287
Chinese empire
29
,
31
Chinese Revolution (1949)
283
Chinese science/technology
11
,
27–8
cholera
148
,
169
Christianity
258–9
the Bible
62
,
263
,
278–9
,
293–4
Calvinism
260
Catholicism
17
,
61
,
259
,
260
,
263
,
266
,
269
,
278
; in Spanish American colonies
113–14
,
120
,
120
n,
131
church/state relationship
60
,
289–90
civilization and
268
,
288
decline of, in the West
267–73
,
274
,
288–9
missionaries
39
,
142
,
263–4
Orthodox
15
Protestantism
see
Protestantism
Reformation
9
,
38
,
60–62
,
67
,
259
in US
267
,
270
,
273–7
Max Weber on
259
,
260–64
see also
religious issues
;
religious wars
Churchill, Winston
238–9
,
240
,
303
on civilization
98
,
139
,
325
cities, development/growth of
2–3
,
5
,
205
,
215
,
304–5
Citroën
190
Civil Rights movement (USA)
245
civil society concept
78
