Authors: Philip Dwyer

Citizen Emperor (127 page)

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8 .	Benoît and Chevalier (eds), Marengo , p. 122. Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 296, gives 6,000 killed and 8,000 captured.

9 .	Heinrich Dietrich von Bülow, Der Feldzug von 1800: militärisch-politisch betrachtet von dem Verfasser des Geistes des neuern Kriegssystems (Berlin, 1801), p. 531.

10 .	Cited in David A. Bell, The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It (Boston, 2007), p. 225.

11 .	According to Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 296. Gachot, La deuxième campagne d’Italie (1800) , p. 307 n. 3, gives different figures.

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There were in all four different accounts of the battle written in 1800, 1803 and 1805 as well as the account told on St Helena. David Chandler, ‘Adjusting the Record, Napoleon and Marengo’,
History Today
, 17 (1967), 378–85; David Chandler, ‘“To Lie Like a Bulletin”: An Examination of Napoleon’s Rewriting of the History of the Battle of Marengo’,
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History
, 18 (1991), 37–40.

13 .	On the first Italian campaign see Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , chs 9–13.

14 .	Comte de Neipperg, ‘Aperçu militaire sur la bataille de Marengo et l’armistice’, Revue de Paris , 4 (1906), 5–36, here 27. This is the same Count von Neipperg who was later to become the lover of Napoleon’s second wife, Marie-Louise.

15 .	Stanislas Girardin, Mémoires, journal et souvenirs , 2 vols (Paris, 1829), i. pp. 175–88; Miot de Mélito, Mémoires , i. pp. 275–82.

16 .	Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , i. p. 342.

17 .	Pierre-Louis Roederer, Bonaparte me disait: conversations (Paris, 1942), p. 89; Haegele, Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte , p. 124.

18 .	Bastid, Sieyès , p. 269; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 96–7.

19 .	Gilbert Martineau, Lucien Bonaparte: prince de Canino (Paris, 1989), pp. 94–5. See also Antonello Pietromarchi, Lucien Bonaparte: prince romain (Paris, 1985), pp. 86–90.

20 .	According to Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , i. pp. 339–41.

21 .	See Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , ii. pp. 399–402; Bastid, Sieyès , p. 269; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 96–7.

22 .	Lazare Carnot, Mémoires historiques et militaires sur Carnot (Paris, 1824), p. 111.

23 .	The scene is described by Fouché, Mémoires , i. pp. 183–5. See Henri Gaubert, Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon Ier (Paris, 1962), p. 92; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 97, believes that he ‘made a show of fury’.

24.	According to Roederer, Oeuvres , iii. p. 330.

25 .	Roederer, Oeuvres , iii. p. 333.

26 .	Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 98. After the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, his son was recognized as the titular heir to the throne under the name of Louis XVII. When he died in the Temple prison in June 1795, Louis XVI’s brother, the Comte de Provence, took the title Louis XVIII.

27 .	Roederer, Oeuvres , iii. p. 332.

28 .	Annie Jourdan, ‘The Napoleonic Empire in the Age of Revolution: The Contrast of Two National Representations’, in Michael Broers, Peter Hicks and Agustin Guimerá (eds), The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture (Basingstoke, 2012), pp. 314–15.

29 .	Corr. vi. n. 4910 (15 June 1800).

30 .	Journal des hommes libres , 5 messidor an VIII (24 June 1800).

31 .	Raymond Monnier, Républicanisme, patriotisme et Révolution française (Paris, 2005), pp. 318–19.

32 .	Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits , i. p. 510.

33 .	Journal de Paris , 3 messidor an VIII (22 June 1800).

34 .	Laure Junot, duchesse de Abrantès, Mémoires de Madame la duchesse d’Abrantès, ou Souvenirs historiques sur Napoléon: la Révolution, le Directoire, le Consulat, l’Empire et la Restauration , 18 vols (Paris, 1831–5), ii. pp. 172–3.

35 .	Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoléon , i. p. 93. The next day, the papers reported that the ‘greatest joy was depicted on all faces’ ( Le Publiciste , 3 messidor an VIII (22 June 1800). See also La Clef du cabinet des souverains , 5 messidor an VIII (25 June 1800)).

36 .	Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. pp. 446, 447; Rodney J. Dean, L’église constitutionnelle: Napoléon et le Concordat de 1801 (Paris, 2004), pp. 83–4.

37 .	Fouché, Mémoires , i. p. 182.

38 .	Miot de Mélito, Mémoires , i. p. 301.

39 .	According to Anne-Jean-Marie-René Savary, Mémoires du duc de Rovigo, pour servir à l’histoire de l’empereur Napoléon , 8 vols (Paris, 1828), i. pp. 185–6.

40 .	Corr. vi. n. 5034 (28 July 1800), in which he urged Spain to declare war on Portugal ‘at a time when the Continental war is going to finish’.

41 .	Corr. vi. n. 4955 (29 June 1800).

42 .	See the bulletin of 24 May 1800 ( Corr. vi. n. 4846) for allusions to mountains and snow and so on.

43 .	According to Bourrienne, Mémoires , iv. p. 168.

44 .	Le Publiciste , 14 messidor an VIII (3 July 1800).

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La Décade philosophique, littéraire et politique
, 10 messidor an VIII (29 June 1800), n. 28, pp. 62–3;
Journal des hommes libres
, 14 messidor an VIII (3 July 1800);
La Clef du cabinet des souverains
, 15 and 18 messidor an VIII (4 and 7 July 1800); Alan Forrest, ‘La perspective de la paix dans l’opinion publique et la société militaire’,
Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie
, 166 (2002), 252.

46 .	There is no doubt that the French ‘craved’ peace at the outset of the Consulate. For the first year see Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. pp. 225–6, 227, 241, 270, 333, 341, 500, 535, 540, 562, 566, 569, 579, 591, 666, 768 and 778.