Citizen Emperor (121 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 10 . | Pierre-Bertrand-Louis Brun de Villeret, Les cahiers du général Brun, baron de Villeret, pair de France: 1773–1845 (Paris, 1953), p. 20; Albert Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , 2 vols (Paris, 1903–7), i. pp. 472–5; Thierry Lentz, Le Grand Consulat, 1799–1804 (Paris, 1999), pp. 161–2; Gueniffey, Le Dix-huit Brumaire , pp. 314–16. |
| 11 . | For oppositional elements within the army see Natalie Petiteau, ‘Les fidélités républicaines sous le Consulat et l’Empire’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 346 (2006), 59–74; Walter Bruyère-Ostells, ‘Les officiers républicains sous l’Empire: entre tradition républicaine, ralliement et tournant libérale’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 346 (2006), 31–44; Bernard Gainot, ‘L’opposition militaire: autour des sociétés secrètes dans l’armée’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 346 (2006), 45–58. |
| 12 . | Rafe Blaufarb, The French Army, 1750–1820: Careers, Talent, Merit (Manchester, 2002), pp. 166–72, who argues that the purge was part of a ‘broader push to raise the social standing of the officer corps’. |
| 13 . | Malcolm Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power: Democracy and Dictatorship in Revolutionary France, 1795–1804 (Cardiff, 1998), p. 70. |
| 14 . | Crook, Napoleon Comes to Power , p. 66. |
| 15 . | Natalie Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire (1799–1815) (Paris, 2008), p. 37; Gueniffey, Le Dix-huit Brumaire , p. 312. One month after the coup only three departments had not adhered to the new regime, two of them Corsican. The reactions are detailed in Elisabeth Berlioz (ed.), La situation des départements et l’installation des premiers préfets en l’an VIII (Paris, 2000); Alphonse Aulard, L’état de la France en l’an VIII et en l’an IX (Paris, 1897). |
| 16 . | See, for example, the letters printed in the Moniteur universel , 1 and 19 frimaire an VIII (22 November and 10 December 1799). |
| 17 . | The most recent and most accessible biography is Peter McPhee’s Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life (New Haven, 2012). |
| 18 . | See Howard Brown, ‘Echoes of the Terror’, Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques , 29 (2003), 542–50. |
| 19 . | Moniteur universel , 27 brumaire an VIII (18 November 1799). |
| 20 . | Alphonse Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , 4 vols (Paris, 1903), i. p. 4. |
| 21 . | Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution , trans. Alan Sheridan (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), p. 174. |
| 22 . | Isser Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators: The Making of a Dictatorship (New York, 2001), p. 27. |
| 23 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. pp. 425–7. |
| 24 . | Alphonse Aulard, Registre des délibérations du consulat provisoire, 20 brumaire–3 nivôse an VIII (11 novembre–24 décembre 1799) , 2 vols (Paris, 1894), i. p. 43; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , p. 27. |
| 25 . | Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 427. |
| 26 . | Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 27–8. |
| 27 . | See, for example, Jonathan Devlin, ‘The Army, Politics and Public Order in Directorial Provence, 1795–1800’, Historical Journal , 32:1 (1989), 87–106. |
| 28 . | Howard G. Brown, Ending the French Revolution: Violence, Justice, and Repression from the Terror to Napoleon (Charlottesville, 2006), pp. 216–21. |
| 29 . | Napoléon Bonaparte, Corr [ espondance ] de Napoléon I publiée par ordre de l’empereur Napoléon III , 32 vols (Paris, 1858–70), vi. n. 4391 (12 November 1799). |
| 30 . | Moniteur universel , 23 brumaire VIII (13 November 1799). |
| 31 . | A phrase that, as far as I am aware, Bonaparte never pronounced, but which was adapted from a newspaper article about Consular dress in Le Diplomate (6 frimaire an VIII) (Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 30). The red bonnets are a reference to the Phrygian caps of the revolutionary sans-culottes , and the red heels to aristocratic dress. |
| 32 . | André-François, comte Miot de Mélito, Mémoires du comte Miot de Mélito , 3 vols (Paris, 1873–4), i. p. 265; Natalie Petiteau, ‘La Contre-Révolution endiguée? Projets et réalisations sociales impériales’, in Jean-Clément Martin (ed.), La Contre-Revolution en Europe, XVIIIe–XIXe siècles: réalités politiques et sociales, résonances culturelles et idéologiques (Rennes, 2001), pp. 183–4. |
| 33 . | Journal des hommes libres , 28 December 1799 (6 nivôse an VIII). This was the assertion if not the desire of some notable Brumairians such as Dominique Garat and Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis. See Dominique Garat, ‘Discours prononcé par Garat dans la séance du 23 frimaire’, in Vincent Lombard de Langres, Le dix-huit brumaire, ou Tableau des événemens qui ont amené cette journée (Paris, an VIII), pp. 426, 428; and Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis, Quelques Considérations sur l’organisation sociale en général et particulièrement sur la nouvelle constitution, par Cabanis (Paris, an VIII), pp. 3–4. |
| 34 . | Corr. vi. n. 4468 (27 December 1799). |
| 35 . | Miot de Mélito, Mémoires , i. pp. 266–7. |
| 36 . | Such as François Barbé-Marbois, deported on 18 fructidor (4 September 1797), called to the Council of State; General Jourdan, who had spoken out against 18 Brumaire, named minister extraordinary in Piedmont; François Antoine de Boissy d’Anglas, a constitutional monarchist condemned to exile by the Directory, named to the Tribunate in March 1801 and who served Napoleon loyally till Waterloo (John R. Ballard, Continuity during the Storm: Boissy d’Anglas and the Era of the French Revolution (Westport, Conn., 2000), pp. 133–7); and Etienne Bernier, a refractory priest who became agent general of the royal and Catholic armies in the Vendée, helped negotiate the Concordat and was made Bishop of Orleans. |
| 37 . | Comte François Nicolas Mollien, Mémoires d’un ministre du Trésor public, 1780–1815 ,3 vols (Paris, 1898), i. p. 231. For Bonaparte’s views on factions see Corr. vi. n. 4385(9 November 1799); vii. n. 5634 (14 July 1801). |
| 38 . | Gueniffey, Le Dix-huit Brumaire , p. 328. |
| 39 . | L’Ami des lois , 6 December 1799 (16 frimaire an VIII); Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , i. p. 42. |
| 40 . | Paul Bastid, Sieyès et sa pensée (Paris, 1970), pp. 236–7. |
| 41 . | Henri Gatien Bertrand, Cahiers de Sainte-Hélène , ed. Paul Fleuriot de Langle, 3 vols (Paris, 1959), ii. p. 280. |
| 42 . | Corr. xxx. p. 326; Vandal, L’avènement de Bonaparte , i. p. 409; Bastid, Sieyès , pp. 247–9; Woloch, Napoleon and his Collaborators , pp. 26–7. |
| 43 . | This situation lasted for another six weeks until Bonaparte was officially recognized as First Consul on Christmas Eve 1799. Aulard, Registre des délibérations du consulat provisoire , i. p. 5. |
| 44 . | That is the tenor of the message to the legislative commission announcing his appointment as First Consul ( Corr. vi. n. 4431 (20 December 1799)). |
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