By Chance Alone (23 page)
Authors: Max Eisen
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*
This city was known as Košice under Slovakian rule and Kassa when it was governed by Hungary. I have opted to use whatever name the city went by at the time, which means I will sometimes refer to it as the former and sometimes the latter.
*
In August of 1941, twenty-three thousand mostly Hungarian Jews were murderd by the Nazi Einsatzgruppen, the first mass murder of Jews by the Nazis in World War II.
*
In 2015, in perhaps one of the last major Nazi war criminal trials, the “Bookkeeper” Oskar Groening was brought to trial (see epilogue, pages 238â239).
*
See appendix.
*
See Debórah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt,
Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present
(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996), 337. Randolph L. Braham, “Foreword” in
The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide,
Zoltán Vági, László Csosz, and Gábor Kádár (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2013), xvii.
**
Lucy S. Dawidowicz,
The War Against the Jews, 1933â1945
(New York: Bantam Books, 1975), 381. For more on Canadian media coverage of Hungarian anti-Semitic laws, see Amanda Grzyb, “From Kristallnacht to the MS
St. Louis
Tragedy: Canadian Press Coverage of Nazi Persecution of the Jews and the Jewish Refugee Crisis, September 1938 to August 1939,” in
Nazi Germany: Canadian Responses
, ed. L. Ruth Klein (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012), 86â90.
*
Christopher R. Browning,
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992).
**
Ibid.
***
Martin Gilbert,
The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust, 3rd Edition
(London: Routledge, 2002), 90.
*
See “Introduction: The Historical Framework,” in
The Holocaust in Hungary: An Anthology of Jewish Response
, trans. and ed. Andrew Handler (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1982), 1â4.
**
Ibid., 4.
***
Vági, Csosz, and Kádár,
The Holocaust in Hungary
, xxxv.
*
Gilbert,
The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust,
184.
**
Braham, “Foreword,” xvii.
*
Vági, Csosz, and Kádár,
The Holocaust in Hungary
, 73.
**
Ibid., 83.
***
Filip Müller,
Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers
(New York:
Stein and Day, 1979), 124.
*
Dwórk and van Pelt,
Auschwitz
, 338.
**
Ibid.
***
Ibid., 341â42.
*
See Robert Jay Lifton,
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
(New York: Basic Books, 1986); and
Przeglad Lekarski: Auschwitz
(XVIII, Series II), (Warsaw: State Medical Publishers, 1962).
**
Lifton,
The Nazi Doctors,
214.
*
“Dr. Tadeusz Orzeszko,” on Polin: The History of the Polish Jews website,http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/cms/your-stories/1077/.
**
Ibid.
*
“Obituary: Johnnie Stevens,”
Star-Ledger
(Newark, NJ), July 16, 2007.