Boko Haram (28 page)

Falola and Heaton,
History
, pp. 183–5.

Falola and Heaton,
History
, p. 198.

Falola and Heaton,
History
, p. 202.

Max Siollun, ‘Umaru Dikko, the man who was nearly spirited away in a diplomatic bag',
Independent
(UK), 20 August 2012.

Karl Maier,
This House Has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis
(London, 2000), pp. 47, 55.

Wole Soyinka,
You Must Set Forth at Dawn
(New York, 2006), p. 222.

Falola and Heaton,
History
, pp. 217–20.

Falola and Heaton,
History
, p. 225.

Soyinka,
Dawn
, pp. 354–5.

Soyinka,
Dawn
, pp. 383–4.

Abiola died in 1998 while still imprisoned in what some deemed to be suspicious circumstances.

‘General Sani Abacha', Africa Confidential,
http://www.africa-confidential.com/whos-who-profile/id/2651/Sani_Abacha
.

‘Nigerian leaders “stole” $380 bn', BBC, 20 October 2006,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6069230.stm
; GDP examples are based on World Bank data from 2013 (
http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
).

The Carter Center, ‘Postelection Statement on Nigeria Elections, March 1, 1999',
http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc891.html
.

European Union Election Observer Mission Nigeria 2003, ‘Final Report on the National Assembly, Presidential, Gubernatorial and State Houses of Assembly Elections', 2003.

John Ameh, Josiah Oluwole, Ozioma Ubabukoh and Leke Baiyewu, ‘Obasanjo is a joker, liar, he was behind third term – Nnamani, others',
Punch
, 8 April 2012.

Ed Pilkington, ‘Shell pays out $15.5m over Saro-Wiwa killing',
Guardian
(UK), 8 June 2009.

These biographical details are based on various sources, mainly interviews conducted by me with those who have closely studied the group. Particular insight was provided by Kyari Mohammed, head of the Centre for Peace and Security Studies at Nigeria's Modibbo Adama University of Technology, as well as by an academic who has carried out an extensive analysis of Yusuf's recorded sermons. Because of the sensitivity of the situation, I agreed to abide by the academic's request that he remain anonymous.

Interview with Anayo Adibe, lawyer for Baba Fugu Mohammed.

Anonymous, ‘The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Salafi Counter-radicalism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram',
Journal of Religion in Africa
, 42(2) (2012), pp. 118–44, on p. 126.

It is widely known as Izala, but its full name is Jamā
at
izālat al-bid
a wa iqāmat al-sunna, or the Group for Removing Religious Innovation and Establishing Sunna, according to the study by Anonymous cited above.

Anonymous, ‘Discourses', pp. 121–2, 131–2 and Roman Loimeier, ‘Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria',
Africa Spectrum
, 47(2–3) (2012), pp. 137–55, on p. 147.

Mervyn Hiskett, ‘The Maitatsine Riots in Kano, 1980: An Assessment',
Journal of Religion in Africa
, 17(3) (1987), p. 209, and Abimbola O. Adesoji, ‘Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State',
Africa Today
, 57(4) (Summer 2011), pp. 209–33, on p. 101.

Elizabeth Isichei, ‘The Maitatsine Risings in Nigeria 1980–85: A Revolt of the Disinherited',
Journal of Religion in Africa
, 17(3) (1987), pp. 194–208, on p. 194, and Hiskett, ‘Maitatsine', pp. 214–15.

Falola and Heaton,
History
, pp. 205–6.

Sam Olukoya, ‘Eyewitness: Nigeria's sharia amputees', BBC, 19 December 2002,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2587039.stm
.

BBC, ‘Nigeria gays: 20 lashes for “homosexual offences”', 6 March 2014,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26469501
.

Human Rights Watch, ‘The “Miss World Riots”: continued impunity for killings in Kaduna', July 2003, p. 2.

Wikileaks, ‘Borno state residents not yet recovered from Boko Haram violence', 4 November 2009.

Anonymous, ‘Discourses', pp. 133–4.

These details come from various sources, including a Nigerian military briefing and interviews with Kyari Mohammed (cited above).

Wikileaks, ‘Nigerian Taliban attacks most likely not tied to Taliban nor Al-Qaida', 6 February 2004.

Emmanuel Goujon and Aminu Abubakar, ‘Nigeria's Taliban plot comeback from hideouts', Agence France-Presse via
Mail & Guardian
(South Africa), 11 January 2006.

Yusuf says this during his interrogation after his arrest,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePpUvfTXY7w
. Translation from Hausa to English was provided by Professor Abubakar Aliyu Liman of Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria.

Nick Tattersall, ‘Nigerian sect planned bomb attack during Ramadan', Reuters, 4 August 2009.

Anonymous, ‘Discourses', p. 138.

Shehu Sani, ‘Boko Haram: history, ideas and revolt',
Vanguard
, 4 July 2011,
http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/07/boko-haram-history-ideas-and-revolt-3/
.

Henri Laoust, ‘Ibn Taymiyyah', 23 June 2014, in
Encyclopaedia Britannica
; retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/280847/Ibn-Taymiyyah
.

For a detailed look at the phrase, see: Paul Newman, ‘The Etymology of Hausa boko', Mega-Chad Research Network, 2013, retrieved from
http://www.megatchad.net/publications/Newman-2013-Etymology-of-Hausa-boko.pdf
.

Anonymous, ‘Discourses', pp. 125–6.

Marc-Antoine Perouse de Montclos, ‘Nigeria's Interminable Insurgency? Addressing the Boko Haram Crisis', Chatham House Research Paper, September 2014, pp. 7–8; Perouse de Montclos told me the book was written in Arabic. I have not seen it myself.

Anonymous, ‘Discourses', pp. 124–5.

Joe Boyle, ‘Nigeria's Taliban enigma', BBC, 31 July 2009,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8172270.stm
.

Theophilus Abbah, ‘Inside the pages of White Paper on Boko Haram',
Sunday Trust
(Nigeria), 3 June 2012.

Perouse de Montclos, ‘Nigeria's Interminable Insurgency?', p. 9.

Goddy Egene and Zacheaus Somorin, ‘Australian negotiator names Ihejirika, Sheriff as sponsors of Boko Haram',
ThisDay
(Nigeria), 29 August 2014. Audio from Davis's interview with Arise News can be found here:
http://www.arise.tv/headline/arise-news-now-uk-28-08-8043
.

Yemi Ajayi, ‘Boko Haram: fed govt report rejects compensation for victims',
ThisDay
(Nigeria), 2 April 2013.

Ikechukwu Nnochiri, ‘Boko Haram: Yusuf had only 4,000 followers in 2009, Army tells court',
Vanguard
, 8 December 2011,
http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/boko-haram-yusuf-had-only-4000-followers-in-2009-army-tells-court/
.

Theophilus Abbah, ‘Inside the pages of White Paper on Boko Haram',
Sunday Trust
(Nigeria), 3 June 2012.

Walker, Andrew, ‘What is Boko Haram?', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 308, June 2012.

‘How politicians help insurgents',
Africa Confidential
, 30 November 2012.

A representative for Sheriff I spoke to on the phone asked me to send a list of questions by email. He did not respond to the questions.

Juliana Taiwo, ‘I'm not the brain behind Boko Haram',
Sun
(Nigeria), 14 July 2011.

One such claim can be found here: International Crisis Group, ‘Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency', 3 April 2014, p. 23.

‘Transcript of Osama bin Laden tape', 12 February 2003, Associated Press via
Sydney Morning Herald
.

The Charity Commission informed me of its findings by email in response to my questions.

Abbah, ‘White Paper'.

Anonymous, ‘Discourses', p. 126.

Anonymous, ‘Discourses', pp. 136–8.

Isa Sa'idu, ‘My encounter with Mohammed Yusuf over Boko Haram',
Sunday Trust
(Nigeria), 1 January 2012.