Battle of Hastings, The (30 page)

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army, French
94

army, Norman

archers
115
,
175
,
179
,
180
,
184–6
,
193–4

Breton soldiers
112
,
132
,
183
,
185–7
,
193

cavalry
96
,
107
,
108
,
109–10
,
112–15
,
117
,
118–19
,
174
,
178
,
183
,
185–6
,
193

composition
110–14
,
131

equipment
104
,
174

infantry
115–16
,
175
,
184–6

mercenaries
112
,
135–6
,
190

and military service
106–8
,
110–12
,
115

payment
115

penance imposed on
112
,
141–2

provisioning
116
,
166–7
,
179

retreats
182
,
185–92

size
96–7
,
112
,
163
,
172

army, Norwegian
148–9
,
153–7

Arques, William, Count of
42

Ashdown, battle of
177

Asser (scholar)
78

Assandun, battle of
10

Atheling, definition
233
n.
iii

Athelstan, King of England
5
,
45
,
57
,
59
,
64
,
76
,
95
,
104

Athelstan (son of Æthelred)
64

axes, bearded
104
,
119–20
,
185

Bachrach, Bernard S.
116
,
190–1

Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
24–5
,
28
,
42
,
131

banner

Fighting Man
70

papal
140
,
142–3

Landwaster
150
,
153
,
156

Barlow, Frank
18
,
80
,
125
,
126
,
234
n.
vii
,
237
n.
lxvii

Bates, David
80–1
,
236
n.
xlv

Battle Abbey
142
,
177–8

Battle Abbey Chronicle
174
,
231

The Battle of Maldon
7–8
,
58
,
88
,
215

Battles, full-scale
93–5

Baudri de Bourgeuil
181–2
,
195
,
230
,
231

Bayeux Tapestry
48
,
50–1
,
53
,
229–31

and armour
117–18
,
178
,
180

and death of Harold
193–6
,
230
,
231

and English army
104
,
116

and Norman army
96
,
174
,
184

and papal banner
142

survival
67

value as source
229–31
,
232

and weaponry
120

Bede, the Venerable
56–7
,
76–7
,
87

Benedict Biscop
77

Benedict VIII, Pope
12–13

Benedict X, Pope
237
n.
lxxv

Beowulf
44
,
69–70
,
82–4
,
118
,
215

Bjorn Estrithson, Earl
27
,
35–6

Blake, N. F.
215

blinding, as punishment
16–17
,
194

Bloch, R. Howard
195–6

Boethius,
The Consolation of Philosophy
93

Boniface of Mainz, St
76

Bosham, manor
50
,
146–7
,
196

Bretons, in Norman army
112
,
132
,
183
,
185–7
,
189
,
193

Brown, R. Allen
49
,
110
,
152
,
189–90
,
193
,
234
n.
xv
,
236
n.
lix

Brunanburh, battle of (937)
95

burhs
(fortified towns)
98–9
,
136
,
162

Burne, Col. A. H.
189

Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex
7–8
,
58
,
100
,
109
,
215

Byrhtwold
88

Caldbec Hill
2
,
177–8
,
180

Campbell, James
55
,
60
,
79–80
,
82
,
234
n.
xxi
,
235
n.
xxiii

Canterbury

and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
25
,
219

archbishopric
23
,
137–8
,
205–6

and Bayeux Tapestry
53
,
229

Christ Church Abbey
53
,
205
,
225

Codex Aureus
70

Caradoc ap Gruffydd
123

Carmen de Hastingæ Proelio
146
,
156–7
,
159
,
165
,
171
,
174–5
,
181–4
,
191–2
,
220–3

cavalry

Chanson de Roland
81
,
184

chansons de geste
81
,
214

Charlemagne
64
,
75
,
76

Charles the Simple, King of the Franks
6

Chibnall, Marjorie
111

Christ Church Abbey, Canterbury
53
,
205
,
225

Christianity

and learning
75–8

as unifying factor
56–7
,
66–7

Christina, daughter of Edward the Atheling
29

Church, English
11
,
67–8
,
136–41
,
205–7

churls
73
,
100

Clapham, J. H.
109

Clark, Sir Kenneth
70

class, social
58
,
60
,
72–3
,
93
,
209

Norman ruling class
204–5

Cnut
10–15
,
76
,
169

coronation oath
200

fleet
69

and housecarls
13–14
,
100

as king of Denmark and Norway
12

as king of England
10–15
,
19
,
36–7
,
55
,
203–4

laws
14
,
103
,
124–5
,
203

Codex Aureus
70

coinage, English
58
,
65
,
130
,
209–10

combat, trial by
165

Conan, Count of Brittany
132

Conrad, Holy Roman Emperor
12–13

coronation oath
200–1

Crécy, battle of
2

cross-bows
183

Crusade, First
135–6
,
140

culture, Anglo-Saxon
2
,
4

Cuthbert, St, stole and maniple
68
,
213

Cyneheard
88–90

Cynewulf, King of Wessex
88–90

Danelaw
5
,
8
,
56
,
61
,
101
,
124
,
148

Danes
see
Danelaw; Vikings

Dante Alighieri
134

Davies, R. H. C.
220–1

desertions, at Hastings
172
,
175–7

Dives, Norman army at
116
,
144–5
,
160

divorce
74

Dodwell, C. R.
68–72

Domesday Book
59
,
74–5
,
101
,
144
,
200
,
205
,
207
,
230

Douglas, D. C.
38
,
42
,
131
,
237
n.
lxxiii

The Dream of the Rood
86–7

Drogo, Count of the Vexin
15
,
33

Dudo of St Quentin
190

Dunstan, St
53
,
82
,
136

Eadburh, abbess
76

Eadgyth (half-sister of Athelstan)
235
n.
xxviii

Eadhild (sister of Athelstan)
64

Eadmer,
History of Recent Events in England
48–9
,
51–3
,
206–7
,
225

Eadred, King of England
70

Eadsige, Archbishop of Canterbury
43

ealdormen
72–3
,
233
n.
ii

Ealdred, Bishop
24

Bishop of Worcester
128
,
138
,
226

Archbishop of York
138
,
142
,
176
,
199–200
,
226

Ecgwynn (wife of Edward the Elder)
45

Edgar, King of England
5
,
57–8
,
76
,
125
,
136

Edgar the Atheling
29
,
31–3
,
199–200
,
201
,
205
,
210–11

Edington, battle of
95

Edith (handfast wife of Harold Godwinson)
74
,
210

Edith (wife of Edward the Confessor)
21–2
,
24
,
27
,
28
,
123
,
127
,
129
,
224–5

Edmund Ironside, King of England
10–11
,
12
,
19
,
28
,
32
,
64
,
169

education, Anglo-Saxon
75–81

Edward, Archdeacon of London
205

Edward the Atheling or Exile(son of Edmund Ironside)
11
,
28–9
,
32–3
,
43–4

Edward the Elder, King of Wessex
5
,
45
,
98

Edward I, King of England (the Martyr)
5–6
,
17

Edward II (the Confessor), King of England
11
,
14
,
15
,
17–21
,
37–38
,
59
,
123

foreign policy
24–5

and Godwin
19–27
,
36

and Harold Godwinson
23
,
24
,
25–9
,
45–53
,
124
,
126–7

ill-health and death
125–6
,
132

laws
124–5
,
203

and lay literacy
79–80

and navy
26
,
105

and Northumbrian uprising
123–5

succession to
21–2
,
28–9
,
31–41
,
43–54
,
126–7
,
129
,
223

warfare and diplomacy
94
,
124

and William of Normandy
25
,
37–41
,
43–4
,
48–50
,
53–4
,
129
,
223
,
229

see also Vita Ædwardi Regis

Edwin Leofricson, Earl of Mercia
124
,
130
,
149–50
,
152
,
157
,
199
,
205

Eleanor of Aquitaine
214

embroidery, English
68
,
70
,
75

Emma

as wife of Æthelred II
6
,
10
,
32
,
37

as wife of Cnut
11
,
15
,
20

Encomium Emmæ Regina
15–16
,
69
,
233
n.
vi
,
235
n.
xxxiv

English language
56–7
,
212–13

dialects
91

and Normans
203
,
207

and Norse language
204

and poetry
7
,
81–8

and prose
88–91
,
218

Erlend Thorfinnsson, Earl of Orkney
148
,
157

Ermenfrid, Bishop of Sion
112
,
141

esquires
113–14

Estrith (sister of Cnut)
35

Eustace, count of Boulogne
22–3
,
33
,
89
,
222
,
229

excommunication of Harold II
167–8
,
175–6

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