An Honourable Defeat (39 page)

[93]
Quoted in Rothfels, op. cit.

[94]
Quoted in Meehan, op. cit.

[95]
Albert Friedlander (ed.):
Out of the Whirlwind
(Union of Hebrew Congregations, New York, 1968) p. 18. Friedlander is quoting Hannah Vogt:
The Burden of Guilt
(Oxford UP, 1964) — in the German edition, p. 192.
The Burden of Guilt
was written as a textbook for German schools. The figures given are conservative. Research continues on precisely how many died in the Holocaust, but the true figure will never be known.

[96]
See: Malgorzata Niezabilowska: ‘Remnants: The Last Jews of Poland’, in
National Geographic Magazine
, September 1986, Vol. 170, No. 3, pp. 362-89. The article is extracted from
The Last Jews of Poland
by the same author, published by Friendly Press Inc., 1986.

[97]
Tony Bayfield:
Churban
(Michael Goulston Educational Foundation, 1981), pp. 61-2.

[98]
For an exhaustive discussion of Allied attitudes to the concentration camps, see: Martin Gilbert:
Auschwitz and the Allies
(Michael Joseph, 1981).

[99]
A near-complete list of specialist papers is given in the bibliographical work,
The Psychological and Medical Effects of Concentration Camps and Related Persecutions on Survivors of the Holocaust
, by Leo Eitinger and Robert Krell (University of British Columbia Press, 1985).

[100]
A notable exception is Dorothy Rabinowitz’s
New Lives
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1976) — a book which deals exclusively with survivors now living in America. Another book which deals with survivors’ lives in the USA is
Voices from the Holocaust
, edited by Sylvia Rothchild (Meridian/New American Library, 1981).

[101]
Those interested in former Nazis in East Germany should consult file number Gdc(5) at the Wiener Library, London.

[102]
German Democratic Report
, East Berlin, 10 February 1967.

[103]
For example, Heinrich Hoffman (see
The German View
, Vol. 6, No. 20, 3 November 1965, p. 2).

[104]
Conversation with the author.

[105]
Bayfield, op. cit., p. 173. An aspect of the KZ too big for discussion here is the dichotomy in German thinking vis-à-vis the destruction of the Jews. The Nazis were always able to excise from their minds any inconsistencies between the high ideals they purported to hold for themselves and what they actually did; and the whole concept of the blond master race was made ludicrous by the physical appearance of the top Nazis themselves — a fact which Allied cartoonists were quick to seize on even before the war had started — see Alexander Drozdzynski (ed.):
Das verspottete Tausendjährige Reich
(Droste, 1978), and especially Zbynek Zeman:
Heckling Hitler — Caricatures of the Third Reich
(Orbis, 1984).

[106]
See for example the work of Dr Roderick Orner and the case of Trooper Tim Lynch, who saw action in the Falklands War — as reported by Celia Hall in
The Independent
, 15 September 1987, p. 13.

[107]
See
Acta Medica Scandinavica
, Supplementum CCLXXIV (Copenhagen, 1952). The work of Dr Ancil Keys, whose ‘Minnesota Experiment’ (observing the effects of semi-starvation on volunteers over a six-month period under controlled conditions at the University of Minnesota in 1945-6) must also be mentioned here.

[108]
The SS
St Louis
sailed from Hamburg, bound for Havana with 907 refugees in May 1939. The refugees all possessed accredited landing certificates, but the Cuban government refused to honour them. Negotiations to permit the landing, conducted between the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and the government, failed, and the
St Louis
was forced to set sail back to Hamburg. While she was on the high seas, the JOINT and other organizations won the consent of the governments of the Netherlands, Belgium, the UK and France to accept the refugees, the JOINT posting a cash guarantee of about $500 per refugee. (Source: The Annotated Archive Catalogue, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1933-1944.) The 12-year-old Friedlander was one of the 288 refugees accepted by the UK. The story of the
St Louis
has been the subject of fictionalized film accounts.