Americans in Paris: Life & Death Under Nazi Occupation (67 page)

p. 190 Roquefort lay inland
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 42.

p. 191 The Bedaux model
Jim Christy’s and Janet Flanner’s assessments of Roquefort disagree. Christy wrote that Bedaux created ‘a prosperous, peaceful society, a haven of reason in a world gone mad’ (
The Price of Power
, p. 231). Flanner held that the brier business was not run on an equivalist basis at all and that the whole scheme died quickly (‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’, p. 42). Yves Levant and Marc Nikitin went to Roquefort in 2004 to see what memories remained of the Bedaux experiment. They met five people who had worked at the paper mill. ‘They all remember the visit of the Bedaux engineers and the coming of C. E. Bedaux himself, as well as the setting up of the Bedaux pay system in the paper mill of Roquefort … On the other hand, none of these workers remembers any social project … It is therefore highly likely for us that the social aspect of his work had been for C. E. Bedaux but an alibi aimed at finding favour in the eyes of his close friends and of posterity’ (Yves Levant and Marc Nikitin, ‘Should Charles Eugene Bedaux be Revisited?’, Paper presented to the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Business Research Unit, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff, Wales, 14–15 September 2006, pp. 22–3).

p. 191 ‘sold lock, stock’
Christy,
The Price of Power
, p. 237.

p. 192 ‘the little nine-hole’
Robert Murphy,
Diplomat among Warriors: Secret Decisions that Changed the World
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1964, p. 180.

p. 192 ‘the roster of’
Christy,
The Price of Power
, p. 238.

p. 192 ‘let it be known’
‘Paraphrase of Telegram, From: Vichy (Paris), To: The Secretary of State, 29 September 1941’, File Number 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100, Subject: Charles E. Bedaux, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

p. 193 ‘There were a few’
Sylvia Beach,
Shakespeare and Company
, London: Faber and Faber, 1960, p. 218.

p. 193 ‘young friend Violaine’
Letter from Sylvia Beach to Rev. Sylvester Beach, 27 February 1940, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO108, Box 20, Folder 7.

p. 194 ‘very pure, truly’
Paul Valéry, ‘Discours sur Henri Bergson’, 9 January 1941, Reproduced at
http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/index.html
.

p. 194 At Shakespeare and Company
Françoise Bernheim was born on 24 July 1912.

p. 194 ‘I wasn’t on good’
Sylvia Beach, Interview with Niall Sheridan,
Self Portraits: Sylvia Beach
, documentary film on Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), Dublin, 1962.

p. 195 While Rome burns … soon after the 15th’
Letter from Sylvia Beach to Carlotta Welles Briggs, 14 August 1941, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO 108, Box 58, Folder 16.

p. 195 ‘Food is missing’
Letter from Sylvia Beach to Adrienne Monnier, 25 August 1941, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO108, Box 58, Folder 16. Original in French. My translation.

p. 196 The last letter
Letter from Holly Beach Dennis to the Secretary of State, 21 October 1942, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO108, Box 14, Folder 18. Holly wrote that the last letter she had received from Sylvia was in June 1940, but she must have meant June 1941. There are many letters in the Beach Papers at Princeton and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas, Austin, between the two sisters up to that date and one from Sylvia to Carlotta Briggs written on 14 August 1941.

p. 196 A parcel of clothing
‘Nazis Give Notice’,
New York Times
, 22 May 1941, p. 1. The paper wrote that the US Post Office stopped accepting parcels for France, ‘because the British censors were seizing all packages as contraband’.

p. 196 George Antheil, Ernest Hemingway
Noel Riley Fitch,
Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation: A History of Literary Paris in the Twenties and Thirties
, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1983, p. 404.

p. 196 At one of Candé’s
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 44.

p. 197 ‘I advanced the philosophy’
Jim Christy,
The Price of Power: A Biography of Charles Eugene Bedaux
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1984, p. 235.

p. 197 ‘My idea was’
Ibid.
, p. 236.

p. 198 Janet Flanner wrote
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 44.

p. 199 ‘Many people in Germany’
Christy,
The Price of Power
, pp. 239–40.

p. 199 His activities came
‘Memorandum for Mr. Tamm, Federal Bureau of Investigation’, from H. E. Kreisker, Commander, USNR, Office of Naval Intelligence, Washington, 15 December 1941, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, File 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100.

p. 199 ‘The Paris stock market’
Gerhard Heller,
Un Allemand à Paris
, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1981, p. 64.

p. 200 ‘let it be known’
‘Paraphrase of Telegram, From: Vichy (Paris): To: The Secretary of State; Date September 29, 1941’, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, File 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100.

p. 200 ‘Mrs. Rogers stated’
‘COMMENTS ON THE ALLEGED CURRENT ACTIVITIES OF MR CHARLES BEDAUX IN OCCUPIED FRANCE’, Department of State, Division of European Affairs, 24 November 1941, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, File 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100.

p. 200 ‘in Rome, Italy … He is a man’
Ibid.
, p. 2 of the memorandum.

p. 201 ‘Dear Mr. Hagerman … He wishes to return’
Letter from Charles E. Bedaux to W. E. Hagerman, Esq., 6 December 1941, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, File 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100, Number 65167.

p. 203 They went to Les Landes
Cable from W. E. Hagerman, to Secretary of State, 16 January 1942, Confidential, ‘Whereabouts of Charles E. Bedaux, a naturalized American citizen’, File Number 130–Bedaux, C.E., Document 100-49901-08, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Hagerman received Bedaux’s letter on 31 December 1941.

p. 204 ‘was permitted to’
Ibid
. The
New York Times
reported that Jackson came from Germantown, Pennsylvania, although he was from Maine. Pennsylvania had been his last workplace in the United States.

p. 204 Ninety-five of the internees
Beate Husser,
Le Camp de Royallieu à Compiègne: Etude historique
, Paris: Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation, September 2001.

p. 204 The men were installed
Ibid
., p. 48.

p. 204 ‘He came to tell me’
Letter from René de Chambrun to New York, recipient’s name blocked out by the FBI, 31 May 1945, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, File provided under a Freedom of Information Act request and unnumbered. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 205 One week after the Nazis
‘3 Americans Taken from Paris’,
New York Times
, 24 December 1941, p. 3.

p. 205 A distinguished, 70-year-old
Noel Riley Fitch,
Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation: A History of Literary Paris in the Twenties and Thirties
, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1983, p. 404.

p. 205 ‘My German customers’
Sylvia Beach,
Shakespeare and Company
, Faber and Faber, London, 1960, p. 219.

p. 206 At Christmas, Sylvia
Sylvia Beach Notebook, Christmas presents, 1940–1945, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO108, Box 22, Folder 6.

p. 206 ‘“Well,” I said … He came back’
Interview by Niall Sheridan with Sylvia Beach,
Self Portraits: Sylvia Beach
, documentary film on Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), Dublin, 1962.

p. 207 ‘You ask me how’
Adrienne Monnier, ‘A Letter to Friends in the Free Zone’, originally published in
Le Figaro Littéraire
, February 1942, in Adrienne Monnier,
The Very Rich Hours of Adrienne Monnier: An Intimate Portrait of the Literary and Artistic Life in Paris between the Wars
, translated with introduction and commentaries by Richard McDougall, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976, p. 407.

p. 207 ‘After escaping from’
Sylvia Beach, ‘Inturned’, in Jackson Mathews and Maurice Saillet,
Sylvia Beach (1887–1962)
, Paris: Mercure de France, 1963, p. 136.

p. 207 ‘succeeded in stiring up’
Clara Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen: The Story of My Life
, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949, p. 175.

p. 208 As soon as the United States
David H. Stevens, Rockefeller Foundation, letter to Edward A. Sumner, 16 December 1941, American Library of Paris Archives, Box 9, File E.3, 1941.

p. 208 ‘the Library is being … keep an open mind’
Edward A. Sumner, letter to the Rockefeller Foundation, 19 December 1941, American Library of Paris Archives, Box 9, File E.3, 1941.

p. 208 ‘might become a tool’
Mary Niles Mack, ‘Between Two Worlds: The American Library in Paris during the War, Occupation and Liberation (1939–1945)’, University of California at Los Angeles Department of Information Studies, p. 24.

p. 208 Clara was assisted
Ibid
., p. 25.

p. 209 ‘The hospital feast’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 175.

p. 209 ‘we encouraged one another’
Ibid.
, p. 166.

p. 213 In mid-January, the Germans
‘Vichy Curbs Americans’,
New York Times
, 14 January 1942, p. 6.

p. 213 ‘no women yet interned’
‘AMERICAN INTERESTS, OCCUPIED FRANCE, RUSH’, Telegram from Huddle, US Embassy, Berne, to Secretary of State, 9 February 1942, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland, RG 389, Box 2141, Compiègne (2).

p. 213 ‘should be considered’
Ibid
.

p. 213 ‘The German authorities’
‘Nazis Ease Plight of Seized Americans’, United Press report, Vichy,
New York Times
, 29 January 1942, p. 6. There was only one American hospital in Paris, and enemy alien internees were not hostages under international law.

p. 213 ‘consider this information … They are not allowed’
Enclosure No. 2 to Dispatch No. 749, 2 February 1942, Letter from S. Pinckney Tuck, Counsellor of Embassy, to the Secretary of State, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland, RG 389, Entry 460A, Box 2141, File: Addresses, France, American Prisoner of War Information Bureau Records Branch.

p. 214 ‘At the same time’
Ibid
.

p. 214 The Vichy authorities
‘Three U.S. Banks Licensed in France’,
New York Times
, 31 January 1942, p. 25.

p. 215 ‘Institutions such as the’
‘200 Americans in Paris Said to Be Nazi Hostages’,
New York Times
, 29 January 1942, p. 1, continued on p. 8.

p. 215 The American Chamber of Commerce
‘American Places to Reopen in Paris’,
New York Times
, 31 August 1944, p. 4.

p. 215 ‘These patients were’
Otto Gresser interview in Kathleen Keating, ‘The American Hospital in Paris during the German Occupation’, 19 May 1981, 14-page typescript, p. 7, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: German Occupation by Kathleen Keating and Various Other Histories, 1940–1944.

p. 215 Many of the 340 men
‘American Freed in Paris’,
New York Times
, 9 February 1942, p. 4.

p. 215 Dr Morris Sanders was
‘Nazis Free U.S. Doctor, Morris Sanders Back at Work at Paris Hospital’,
New York Times
, 2 May 1942, p. 2.

p. 215 ‘no other interference’
Otto Gresser, ‘History of the American Hospital of Paris’, 14-page typescript, p. 6, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: History by Otto Gresser.

p. 216 A proposal came in January
Max Wallace,
The American Axis
, New York: St Martin’s Press, 2003, p. 94.

p 216 ‘should be humanely’
Quoted in
Ibid
., p. 98.

p. 216 ‘It’s the Nazis’
Quoted in
Ibid
., p. 244.

p. 216 ‘From this time on’
General Aldebert de Chambrun, Managing Governor, Letter to the Board of Directors of the American Hospital of Paris, 9 December 1944, pp. 2–3, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Report, 1940–1944.

p. 217 ‘There were so few’
Sylvia Beach,
Shakespeare and Company
, London: Faber and Faber, 1960, p. 219.

p. 217 ‘the Gestapo kept’
Interview with Sylvia Beach by Niall Sheridan,
Self Portraits: Sylvia Beach
, documentary film on Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), Dublin, 1962.

p. 217 ‘Hardest to put up’
Adrienne Monnier, ‘A Letter to Friends in the Free Zone’, originally published in
Le Figaro Littéraire
, February 1942, in Adrienne Monnier,
The Very Rich Hours of Adrienne Monnier: An Intimate Portrait of the Literary and Artistic Life in Paris between the Wars
, translated with introduction and commentaries by Richard McDougall, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976, p. 404.

p. 217 ‘I shared the strange’
Sylvia Beach, ‘Inturned’, in Jackson Mathews and Maurice Saillet,
Sylvia Beach (1887–1962)
, Paris: Mercure de France, 1963, pp. 136–7.

p. 217 ‘An average bottle’
‘U.S. Films Appear in Paris Secretly’,
New York Times
, 27 April 1942, p. 6.