American Warlord (48 page)
Authors: Johnny Dwyer
22.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 10, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E82, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
23.
Kenneth Noble, “The United States, Libya and the Liberian Civil War,” 1997, Alicia Patterson Foundation,
http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/united-states-libya-and-liberian-civil-war
.
24.
UN Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1521 (2003) Concerning Liberia, “Travel Ban List,” April 3, 2014,
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1521/tblist.shtml
.
25.
Robert Ferguson, interviews by author, June 10–11, 2010.
26.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 12, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E60, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
27.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 10, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E82, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
28.
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, March 14, 2008.
29.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, December 10, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E82, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
30.
Menephar interviews.
31.
Ibid.
32.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 5, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E17, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
33.
Henderson interviews.
34.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 19, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E15, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
35.
U.S. mission to United Nations to U.S. secretary of state, March 4, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E107, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
36.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, September 19, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E15, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
37.
U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador to France, September 29, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E140, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
38.
Ibid.
39.
“Liberian Aided by U.S. Is Accepted by Ghana,”
New York Times
, September 27, 1998.
40.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, November 5, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E9, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
41.
“U.S.S.
Firebolt
(PC 10) Command History 1998,” U.S. Navy,
http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/f/pc-10/1998.pdf
.
42.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, November 5, 1998, U.S. Department of State, Document E9, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
43.
“Grand Gedeh Association Welcomes Release of Prisoners,”
Perspective
, March 15, 2002,
http://www.theperspective.org/ggedehassociation.html
.
44.
Menephar interviews.
Uprising
1.
Jackson Mulbah, interview by author, June 6, 2007.
2.
Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
3.
Christopher Menephar, interviews by author, June 18–19, 2009; August 2010; December 12, 2010.
4.
“Biographies,” Blackpool Security and Risk Management Liberia,
http://www.blackpoolsecurityservices.com/#!biographies/ctzx
(accessed June 21, 2014).
5.
Eeben Barlow,
Executive Outcomes: Against All Odds
(Alberton, South Africa: Galago Books, 2007).
6.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Appointed Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolution 1306(2000), Paragraph 19, in Relation to Sierra Leone
, December 2000, S/2000/1306,
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1132/pdf/sclet11951e.pdf
.
7.
Ibid.
8.
James Brabazon,
My Friend the Mercenary
(New York: Grove Press, 2011).
9.
Republic of South Africa, Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act,
Government Gazette
(Cape Town), May 20, 1998,
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Mercenaries/WG/Law/SouthAfrica6.pdf
.
10.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Appointed Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolution 1306(2000), Paragraph 19, in Relation to Sierra Leone
, December 2000, S/2000/1306,
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1132/pdf/sclet11951e.pdf
.
11.
Menephar interviews.
12.
Mulbah interview.
13.
Ibid.
14.
Anonymous, interview by author, June 17, 2009.
15.
Fred Rindel to author, April 5, 2010.
16.
Fred Rindel to Charles Taylor Jr., June 10, 1999.
17.
Fred Rindel to Charles Taylor Jr., May 21, 1999.
18.
Prosecutor vs. Charles Ghankay Taylor
, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Case no. SCSL-2003-01-T, Trial Chamber II, Trial Transcript, February 15, 2010.
19.
John Tarnue, interview by author, June 2007.
20.
Ibid.
21.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, February 26, 1997, U.S. Department of State, Document E40. Author’s collection.
22.
David Harris, “From ‘Warlord’ to ‘Democratic’ President: How Charles Taylor Won the 1997 Liberian Elections,”
Journal of Modern African Studies
37, no. 3 (1999): 431–55.
23.
Prosecutor vs. Taylor
, Trial Transcript, February 18, 2010.
24.
Fred Rindel to Charles Taylor Jr., May 21, 1999.
25.
Fred Rindel to author, April 5, 2010.
26.
Menephar interviews.
27.
Ibid.
28.
Anonymous interview.
29.
Menephar interviews.
30.
Anonymous interview.
31.
United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr.
, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, Trial Transcript, October 2, 2008.
32.
Ibid.
33.
Ibid.
34.
Ibid., October 1, 2008.
35.
Ibid., October 2, 2008.
36.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia
, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015,
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf
.
37.
John-Peter Pham,
Liberia: Portrait of a Failed State
(New York: Reed Press, 2004), p. 151.
38.
U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador in Conakry, Guinea, July 26, 2000, U.S. Department of State, Document E346, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
39.
U.S. secretary of state to Economic Organization of West African States collective, August 7, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E219, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
40.
U.K. Home Office, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Country Information & Policy Unit, “Country Assessment—Liberia,” October 2004,
http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/country/uk_entry_assess/oct2004/liberia.pdf
.
41.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, April 30, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E191, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
42.
Chargé d’affaires of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to State Department headquarters, April 30, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E191, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
43.
Administrative section of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to State Department headquarters, June 29, 1999, Cable code PTQ1236, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
44.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, April 30, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E191, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
45.
U.S. secretary of state to U.S. ambassador in Pretoria, April 28, 1999, Cable code PTQ2830, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
46.
United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr.
, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, Trial Transcript, October 2, 2008.
47.
Ibid., October 1, 2008.
48.
Ibid., October 2, 2008.
49.
Ibid., October 1, 2008.
50.
Ibid., October 2, 2008.
51.
Jeff Crisp, “Africa’s Refugees: Patterns, Problems and Policy Challenges,” Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, UN Human Rights Commission, August 2000,
http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6a0c78.html
.
52.
United States vs. Belfast
, Trial Transcript, October 2, 2008.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Ibid.
55.
Anonymous interview.
56.
Henderson interviews.
57.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
58.
Steven Pinker,
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
(New York: Viking, 2011), loc.11766, online.
59.
Henderson interviews.
60.
Chargé d’affaires of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to U.S. secretary of state, June 11, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E4, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
61.
Ibid.
Danger
1.
Lynn Henderson, interviews by author, January 15 and May 24, 2008; May 30, 2009; April 8, 2010; and June 2, 2011.
2.
Roy Belfast (aka Chucky Taylor), interview by author, April 15, 2012.
3.
Henderson interviews.
4.
Ibid.
5.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, August 25, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E223, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
6.
Chargé d’affaires of U.S. embassy in Monrovia to U.S. secretary of state, June 11, 1999, Cable code PTO9213, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
7.
U.S. Department of State, “Bismarck Myrick,”
http://2001-2009.state.gov/outofdate/bios/m/8829.htm
.
8.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 28, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E5, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
9.
United States vs. Roy M. Belfast, Jr.
, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, Trial Transcript, October 16, 2008.
10.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, June 29, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E6, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
11.
Ibid.
12.
Ibid.
13.
Ibid.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Ibid.
16.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, July 16, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E9, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
17.
Henderson interviews.
18.
Ibid.
19.
Ibid.
20.
Ibid.
21.
Ibid.
22.
Lynn Henderson, personal photograph, February 27, 1999.
23.
Anonymous to author, November 12, 2010.
24.
Henderson interviews.
25.
Lynn Henderson, personal video, August 1999.
26.
Ibid.
27.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, October 28, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E10, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
28.
UN Security Council,
Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1343 (2001), Paragraph 19, Concerning Liberia
, October 26, 2001, S/2001/1015,
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/Liberia2/1015e.pdf
.
29.
“Rebels Versus Rebels,”
Africa Confidential
43, no. 4 (2002).
30.
Henderson interviews.
31.
U.S. ambassador to Liberia to U.S. secretary of state, August 18, 1999, U.S. Department of State, Document E221, National Security Archive, George Washington University.
32.
Henderson interviews.
33.
Christopher Menephar, interviews by author, June 18–19, 2009; August 2010; December 12, 2010.
34.
Bartuah Gbor, interview by author, June 20, 2009.
35.
Ibid.
36.
United States vs. Belfast
, Trial Transcript, September 30, 2008.
37.
Rufus Kpadeh et al. vs. Charles McCarthur Emmanuel
, U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida, Miami Division, “Complaint—Class Action,” January 9, 2009.
38.
Nathaniel Koah, interview by author, December 15, 2009.
39.
Menephar interviews.
40.
Ibid.
41.
United States vs. Belfast
, Trial Transcript, September 30, 2008.
42.
Kpadeh et al. vs. Emmanuel
, “Complaint—Class Action,” January 9, 2009.