American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity (60 page)

In Pharaoh’s Army
(Wolff), 177–78

Intrepid,
62–63

Iran, 75, 232, 233, 279, 296, 318

hostage crisis in, xviii, 227, 232–37, 239, 288

Shah of, 96, 232, 233, 235, 284, 285

Iran-Contra scandal, 292–93

Iraq, xix, 110, 228, 287, 295–300, 304, 305, 306, 310–18, 324–30

Abu Ghraib prison in, 308–11, 330

Israel, 288

Jackson State College, 202–4

Japan, 18, 93–95, 169, 228, 261, 262

in World War II, 13, 56–57, 157, 163

Jarecke, Kenneth, 308

Jefferson, Thomas, 95–96

Jews, 301

Johnson, Chalmers, 321, 322

Johnson, Harold, 131

Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 28, 46–51, 59, 64–74, 81–86, 91, 95, 105–6, 138, 140, 141, 153, 156, 185, 199

bombing and, 162–64

Brown & Root and, 110–11

Diem and, 22–23

Goodwin and, 82–84

Great Society programs of, 49, 68, 133–34, 261, 317

Rostow and, 101

Vietnam War escalated by, 82, 86, 163–64, 288

Johnson, Thomas A., 139

Jordan, Michael, 114–15

Jordan, Robert, 287

Judd, Walter, 21

Kagame, Paul, 303

Kandahar massacre, 306–7

Karnow, Stanley, 42

Kelly, Edna, 21

Kennan, George F., 52–53, 69

Kennedy, Jacqueline, 119

Kennedy, John, Jr., 119

Kennedy, John F., xv, 9–15, 17, 21–23, 41–43, 46, 48, 64, 82, 83, 137, 183

assassination of, 28, 42, 119–20, 122, 191, 231

Cuba and, 74–78

Diem and, 24

Green Berets and, 121

inaugural address of, 122

military intervention and, 37, 41, 42

Nixon and, 9–10

Peace Corps and, 9, 10

Rostow and, 100–101

Vietnam War escalated by, 25, 42, 77

Kennedy, Moorhead C., Jr., 235

Kennedy, Robert F., 30, 69, 75, 77, 83, 119–20, 231

Kent State University, 183, 186–93, 197, 198, 201, 308

Kerr, Clark, 137

Kerry, John, 265–66

Khmer Rouge, 225–27

Khomeini, Ruhollah, 232

Khrushchev, Nikita, 76–78

Kill Anything That Moves
(Turse), 172

King, Coretta Scott, 60

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 13, 59–61, 134, 138, 185, 211, 231, 236

Kinnard, Douglas, 181

Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 232

Kissinger, Henry, xiv–xv, 198–99, 226

Klein, Christina, 16

Koh Tang, 226–27

Kojak,
239

Koran, 306, 307

Korean War, 15, 37–40, 49, 65, 68, 137, 163, 243

Kovic, Ron, 144, 190–92

Krause, Allison, 189

Kuwait, 296, 297, 299, 300

Ky, Nguyen Cao, 48, 98

Ladies’ Home Journal,
33, 54–56

Lake, Anthony, 303

Langguth, A. J. “Jack,” 74

Lansdale, Edward, 21, 26–27, 39

Laos, 8, 10, 28, 48–49, 107, 128–29, 154, 178, 261

Laurence, John, 213

Lausche, Frank, 52–53

Lawson, James, 60

Lebanon, 227, 287–91

Lederer, William, 8, 27

Lee, Bernard, 59

LeMay, Curtis, 56–57, 83, 104, 163

Lembcke, Jerry, 237

Life,
22, 43, 61, 98, 111, 145

Life Is Worth Living,
11

Lin, Maya, 240

Lindsay, John, 183, 185, 193–95

Liteky, Charlie, 278–81

Liuzzo, Viola, 56

Loan, Nguyen Ngoc, 267

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 24

Look,
20

Los Angeles Times,
204–5

Luce, Don, 111

Luce, Henry, 13, 16, 21, 22, 69

Lundborg, Louis B., 112, 113

MacArthur, Douglas, 38

MACV, 43–45, 64–65, 175

Maddox,
46, 47

Magruder, Jeb, 206

Malaysia, 92–94

Manchester Guardian,
34

Mansfield, Mike, 13, 21, 22, 65–66

Mao Tse-tung, 69, 101, 104, 120

Marcos, Ferdinand, 96

Marshall, William, 58–59

Marshall Plan, 94

Martin, Graham, 31, 225

Marx, Karl, 41, 100

masculinity, 78, 82, 84, 248–49

Mauldin, Bill, 65

Mayaguez,
SS, 225–27

Mayhorn, Gloria, 203

McCain, John, 301, 311

McCarthyism, 38, 332

McGovern, George, 163, 264–65

McLean, Joyce, 57

McNamara, Robert, 46–47, 56–57, 68, 76, 79, 81, 103, 132, 133, 266

McNaughton, John, 80–82

Meadlo, Paul, 149–50

Meany, George, 197

Medina, Ernest, 147

Mekong Delta, 106, 158, 179–80

Michener, James, 15–16, 18

Middle America Committee, 196

Middle East, 285, 315, 320

military, 132–33, 258–59, 283, 286, 321

bases, 106–10, 321

culture of, 124–25, 144

desegregation of, 137, 139

medical exemptions and, 134

see also
soldiers

Military Half, The
(Schell), 166

Miller, Jeff, 189

Milosevic, Slobodan, 302

Mississippi Freedom Summer, 136

Mizo, George, 280–81

Mladic, Ratko, 302

Mobutu Sese Seko, 96

Mogadishu, 302, 303

Moore, Harold G., 273–74

Moore, Robin, 126–29, 142

Moran, Kevin, 113

Morrison, Jim, 125

Morrison, Norman, 277, 278

Morse, Wayne, 48

Morton, Bruce, 298

Moskos, Charles, 132

Mossadegh, Mohammad, 233

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 132–33

Muller, Bobby, 239

Munich Agreement, 36, 37, 39, 62, 74, 78, 83

Murphy, Duncan, 280

music, 123–26, 259

Muskie, Edmund, 203–4

My Lai massacre, xvi, 144–50, 180–81, 267, 308

napalm, 43, 49, 53–59, 153, 267, 269, 278, 308

Napalm Ladies, 57

Nash, Diane, 60

National Archives, 180

nationalism, xviii, 13, 260–61, 273, 283

National Review,
240

National Security Council, 65, 95

nation building, 99, 101, 104–6, 128, 320

Native Americans, 228, 229

Neary, Joan, 259

Negro Family, The
(Moynihan), 133

New Face of War, The
(Browne), 268–69

New Jersey,
USS, 288, 289

New Leader,
23

New Left Notes,
135

New Legions, The
(Duncan), 142–43

Newsweek,
131, 180, 181, 221, 245, 262, 293, 330

New York Times,
23, 26, 41, 48, 49, 53, 57–58, 74, 112, 145, 155, 161, 162, 174, 198, 241, 268, 315

New York Times Magazine,
234

Nhu, Ngo Dinh, 24

Nicaragua, 40, 232, 245, 275–80, 287, 292–94

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 13

Nightline,
233

Night of the Dragons,
45–46

Nike, 114–15

9/11 attacks,
see
September 11 terrorist attacks

Nixon, Richard, xiv, 9, 52, 62, 86–90, 91, 113, 185–86, 234, 265

affirmative action and, 199–201

antiwar demonstrators and, 186–89, 191, 196–99, 206

Calley and, 148

Graham and, 206–7

Honor America Day and, 206–8

Hope and, 206–7, 210

Kennedy and, 9–10

pardoning of, 223

Paris Accords and, 221

POWs and, 244–45

silent majority and, 62, 88, 196, 199

Vietnam War escalated by, 87, 88, 158, 164, 186–88

Vietnam War troop withdrawal and, 86–87, 186

Watergate and, 206, 222

Nol, Lon, 227

Noriega, Manuel, 293–95

Norris, Chuck, 248

North, Oliver, 292

North Korea, 234

nuclear weapons, 6, 38, 49, 56–57, 76–78, 151–52, 157, 163, 229, 282–83, 285, 293

Obama, Barack, xix, 305–6, 311, 329–33

O’Brien, Tim, 58, 84–86, 212, 268

Occupy movement, 316

O’Daniel, John “Iron Mike,” 13

“Ohio,” 190

oil, 228, 231, 233, 285, 297, 299, 300, 315

Okamoto, Vincent, 178–79

“Okie from Muskogee,” 125

O’Neil, Tip, 289

On the Beach,
152

Operation Arc Light, 153, 154

Operation Babylift, 31–32

Operation Desert Storm, 295–300

Operation Duck Hook, 87–88

Operation Just Cause, 295

Operation Passage to Freedom, 3, 29

Operation RAW (Rapid American Withdrawal), 215–16

Operation Rolling Thunder, 71, 73, 163, 164

Operation Speedy Express, 179–81

Operation Urgent Fury, 290

Oram, Harold, 21, 22

Orangeburg massacre, 201

Orlando, Tony, and Dawn, 236

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 96, 232, 233, 235, 284, 285

Palestinians, 288

Panama, 293–96

Pan Am Flight 103, 227

Panetta, Leon, 307–8

paper tiger, 73, 74, 76, 81

Paris Peace Accords, 221–22

patriotism, xvii, xviii, 124, 125, 184, 199, 201, 215, 237, 252, 256–58, 260, 312

commercialization of, 262

Patton,
90

Peace Corps, 9, 10, 121, 122, 128

Peale, Norman Vincent, 62

Pearl Harbor, 13, 157

Pentagon Papers, The,
26

Pepper, William, 58

Persian Gulf War, 242, 287, 295–300, 308

Petraeus, David, 324–30

Philadelphia Plan, 199–200

Phnom Penh, 227

Phoenix of Hiroshima,
30

Phoenix Program, 178–79

Phong, Duong Thanh, 154

Phuc, Kim, 267

pilots, 158–59, 271

Platoon,
257 258

Pledge of Allegiance, 11, 265

Pleiku, 64–67, 70–71

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 284, 300

poverty, 317

Powell, Colin, 288–90, 295, 301, 323

Power, Samantha, 302

POW films, 246–49, 267

POW/MIA flag, 242–43

POWS, 242–50

“Pride Is Back, The,” 259–60

private contractors, 110

Problem from Hell, A
(Power), 302

Project 100,000, 132–34

Project Beefup, 42, 77

Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare,
280

Pueblo,
234

Pye, Lucien, 31

Quang Duc, Thich, 23, 267, 269

Quang Ngai, 166–67

Quang Tin, 166–67

Quat, Phan Huy, 79

racism, 16–18, 172–73, 202, 261

Radford, Arthur, 94

Rambo
films, 246–50

Ramparts,
19–21, 25, 58, 59, 142

Reader’s Digest,
8

Reagan, Ronald, xvii, xviii, 40, 107, 113, 186, 245, 257–59, 273, 283, 285, 322

Central America and, 275–76, 278–80, 282–83, 291

commercials for, 253–54

Grenada and, 290–91

Hussein and, 296

Iran-Contra and, 292–93

Lebanon and, 287–89

Noriega and, 294

POWs and, 244–46

Springsteen and, 252–53, 255, 259, 260

on Vietnam, 255–56, 285–86

religion, 4, 11–13

Catholicism,
see
Catholicism

Republican Convention, 191

Reuther, Walter, 197–98

Rhodes, James, 186–87, 207

Ribicoff, Abraham, 185

Ridenhour, Ron, 145–46

Rising Sun
(Crichton), 262

Risner, Robert, 130–31

RMK-BRJ consortium, 110

Robbins, Tony, 260

Robinson, Jackie, 17

Rockefeller, John D., 22

“Rockin’ in the Free World,” 273

Rogers, Kenny, 260

Rolling Stone,
253

Romney, George, 140

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 22

Roosevelt, Franklin, 10, 49, 56, 112, 230

Roosevelt, Theodore, 320

Rostow, Lillian, 99

Rostow, Walt Whitman, 68, 99–104, 108, 115, 173, 266

Rostowsky, Victor, 99

Rove, Karl, 319

Ruddy, Francis, 120

Rumsfeld, Donald, 316, 320, 323, 324

Rusk, Dean, 42–43, 46–47, 68, 77, 81

Rusk, Howard, 57–58

Rwanda, 300, 302–4

Ryan, Jack, 282

Ryder, Nickie, 260

Saddam Hussein, 295–98, 310, 318, 326

Sadler, Barry, 123–24, 126

Saigon, 39, 41, 42, 70, 73, 81, 88, 96, 106, 115, 177, 221–22, 225

bombing near, 155, 156

fall of, 32, 102, 103, 222–24, 227

Hope in, 209

Salazar, Ruben, 204–6

Salisbury, Harrison, 161–62

Sanchez, Manolo, 199

Sandinistas, 276, 280

Sandino, Augusto, 276

Saturday Evening Post,
78, 120

Savio, Mario, 136–37

Scheer, Robert, 19–20

Schell, Jonathan, 29, 166–68

Scheuer, Sandy, 188, 189

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 13, 21

school desegregation, 201

school textbooks, 228, 258, 266–67

Schroeder, Bill, 188–89

Schweitzer, Albert, 9

search-and-destroy missions, 105, 170, 171

Sebba, Jon, 149

Selective Service System, 135–36

Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 46–47, 49–51, 53, 112

September 11 terrorist attacks, xviii, 227, 228, 236, 287, 308–10, 312, 313, 315, 317, 319–21, 323, 332–33

Serbs, 300–302

Service, John Stewart, 70

Seven Sisters, 55–56

Sheehan, Casey, 314

Sheehan, Cindy, 314–15

Sheehan, Neil, 25

Sheen, Fulton J., 11

Shimkin, Alex, 180

Shultz, George, 290

Sick, Gary, 234

silent majority, 62, 88, 196, 199

Sir! No Sir!,
264

60 Minutes,
304

Skyraider, 165

slavery, xii, 229

Smith, Bob, 245

Smith, Wayne, 170, 172

Smith Act, 141

Sneaker News,
115

Snepp, Frank, 224–25

soldiers, 130–50, 211–12, 258

African American, 133, 137–42, 202

antiwar dissent among, 140–42

attempted murder of officers by, 214

demoralization in, 211

drafting of, 134–37, 258–59, 316–17

drug use by, 213–14

Green Berets, 120–30, 142–44, 272, 280

heroism of, 130

My Lai massacre and, xvi, 144–50, 180–81, 267, 308