American Experiment (431 page)

[“
An old saying
”]: quoted in Wyden, p. 305.

[“
All my life
”]: quoted in Sorensen,
Kennedy,
p. 309.

[
Paris and Vienna summits, Berlin crisis and war fears, summer 1961
]: Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
chs. 14-15; Parmel,
JFK
pp. 183-202; Jack M. Schick,
The Berlin Crisis, 1958-1962
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), chs. 5-6; Jean E. Smith,
The Defense of Berlin
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1963), chs. 11-12
passim;
Robert M. Slusser,
The Berlin Crisis of 1961
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973); Ralph G. Martin,
Hero for Our Time: An Intimate Story of the Kennedy Years
(Macmillan, 1983), ch. 18; Charles de Gaulle,
Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor,
Terence Kilmartin, trans. (Simon and Schuster, 1971), pp. 254-60; Strobe Talbott, ed. and trans.,
Khrushchev Remembers
(Little, Brown, 1970-74), vol. 2, pp. 487-509; Bruce Miroff,
Pragmatic Illusions: The Presidential Politics of John F. Kennedy
(David McKay, 1976), pp. 64-82; Alexander L. George and Richard Smoke,
Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice
(Columbia University Press, 1977), ch. 14; Montague Kern et al.,
The Kennedy Crises: The Press, the Presidency, and Foreign Policy
(University of North Carolina Press, 1983), part 3; “Gun Thy Neighbor?,”
Time,
vol. 78, no. 7 (August 18, 1961), p. 58; “The Sheltered Life,”
Time,
vol. 78, no. 16 (October 20, 1961), pp. 21-25.

[“
Shake her hand first
”]: quoted in Parmet,
JFK,
p. 187.

[“
Missile gap
”]: see George and Smoke, pp. 449-59; Arnold L. Horelick and Myron Rush,
Strategic Tower and Soviet Foreign Policy
(University of Chicago Press, 1966), chs. 8-9
passim;
Roy E. Licklider, “The Missile Gap Controversy,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 85, no. 4 (December 1970), pp. 600-15; see also Ambrose,
Eisenhower,
pp. 312-14, 561-63.

[
Kennedy-McNamara discussions
]: Parmet,
JFK,
p. 196.

[
Kennedy
’
s address
]: July 25, 1961, in
Kennedy Public Papers,
vol. 1, pp. 533-50; Parmet,
JFK,
p. 197.

[
Truman on address
]: quoted in Parmet,
JFK,
p. 198.

[
Roosevelt on civilian defense and negotiations
]:
ibid.;
Lash, p. 319.

[
Berlin Wall
]: Schick, pp. 172-73; Smith,
Defense,
ch. 13; George and Smoke, pp. 437-42; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
pp. 394-97.

[
Cuban missile crisis
]: David Detzer,
The Brink: The Missile Crisis, 1962
(Crowell, 1979); Elie Abel,
The Missile Crisis
(Lippincott, 1966); Abram Chayes,
The Cuban Missile Crisis
(Oxford University Press, 1974); Herbert S. Dinnerstein,
The Making of a Missile Crisis: October 1962
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976); Robert F. Kennedy,
Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis
(Norton, 1969); Parmet,
JFK,
ch. 12; Martin,
Stevenson,
pp. 719-48; Sorensen,
Kennedy,
ch. 24; Thomas, chs. 107-10;
Khrushchev Remembers,
vol. 1, ch. 20, and vol. 2, pp. 509-14; Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy,
ch. 22; Szulc,
Fidel,
pp. 562-92; Parkinson, ch. 8; Jerome H. Kahan and Anne K. Long, “The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Study of Its Strategic Context,”
Political Science Quarterly,
vol. 87, no. 4 (December 1973), pp. 564-90; Roberta Wohlstetter, “Cuba and Pearl Harbor: Hindsight and Foresight,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 43, no. 4 (July 1965), pp. 691-707; George and Smoke, ch. 15; Andrés Suárez,
Cuba: Castroism and Communism, 1959-1966,
Joel Carmichael and Ernest Halperin, trans. (MIT Press, 1967), ch. 7; Carl A. Linden,
Khrushchev and the Soviet Leadership, 1957-1964
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1966), ch. 8; Kern et al., part 4; Wills, chs. 21-22; Miroff, pp. 82-100; Raymond L. Garthoff,
Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis
(Brookings Institution, 1987); J. Anthony Lukas, “Class Reunion: Kennedy’s Men Relive the Cuban Missile Crisis,”
New York Times Magazine,
August 30, 1987, pp. 22-27, 51, 58-61, esp. pp. 58, 61.

[“
Bullfight critics
”]: quoted in Parmet,
JFK,
p. 286.

[
Robert Kennedy on lessons learned
]:
Thirteen Days,
pp. 124, 126.

The Revolutionary Asians

[“
To those new states
”]:
Kennedy Public Papers,
vol. 1, p. 1.

[“
Lenin or any of the Soviet
”]: Charles Bohlen, quoted in Parmet,
JFK,
p. 191.

335-6
[
Khrushchev on Kennedy
]:
Khrushchev Remembers,
vol. 2, p. 495.

336
[
U.S. and Cuba after missile crisis
]: see Schlesinger,
Robert Kennedy,
ch. 23; Warren Hinckle and William W. Turner,
The Fish Is Red: The Story of the Secret War Against Castro
(Harper, 1981); K. S. Karol,
Guerrillas in Power: The Course of the Cuban Revolution,
Arnold Pomerans, ed. (Hill and Wang, 1970), pp. 270-87.

[
Debray
]: Debray,
Revolution in the Revolution?
:
Armed Struggle and Political Struggle in Latin America,
Bobbye Ortiz, trans. (Monthly Review Press, 1967); see also Hartmut Ramm,
The Marxism of Regis Debray: Between Lenin and Guevara
(Regents Press of Kansas, 1978), esp. ch. 4; Leo Huberman and Paul M. Sweezy, eds.,
Regis Debray and the Latin American Revolution
(Monthly Review Press, 1968).

[
Guevara
]: Daniel James,
Ché Guevara
(Stein & Day, 1969); Luis J. Gonzalez and Gustavo A. Sanchez Salazar,
The Great Rebel: Che Guevara in Bolivia,
Helen R. Lane, trans. (Grove Press, 1969); Ernesto “Che” Guevara, “La Guerra de Guerrillas,” in Franklin M. Osanka, ed..
Modern Guerrilla Warfare
(Free Press of Glencoe, 1962), pp. 336-75; see also Parkinson, pp. 215-18; Karol, ch. 4.

[
Alliance for Progress
]: see Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onís,
The Alliance That Lost Its Way: A Critical Report on the Alliance for Progress
(Quadrangle, 1970); Department of Economic Affairs, Pan American Union,
The Alliance for Progress and Latin-American Development Prospects: A Five-Year Review, 1961-1965
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1967); Szulc,
Winds of Revolution,
ch. 6; Rader, ch. 9; Miroff, pp. 110-42; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
ch. 8; Abraham F. Lowenthal, “ ‘Liberal,’ ‘Radical,’ and ‘Bureaucratic’ Perspectives on U.S. Latin American Policy: The Alliance for Progress in Retrospect,” in Julio Cotler and Richard R. Fagen, eds.,
Latin America and the United States: The Changing Political Realities
(Stanford University Press, 1974), pp. 212-35; Heraclio Bonilla, “Commentary on Lowenthal,” in
ibid.,
pp. 236-37.

337
[
Stevenson
’
s missile crisis proposal
]: see Martin,
Stevenson and the World,
pp. 723-24.

[
American Revolution in Asia
]: Richard B. Morris,
The Emerging Nations and the American Revolution
(Harper, 1970), pp. 199-205, Nagasaki report quoted at p. 200, Sun Yat-sen at p. 202, Mao at pp. 204, 205. 

337-8
[
1942 poll on locations of China and India]:
Gary R. Hess,
America Encounters India, 1941-1947
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), p. 2.

338
[
Churchill on limited application of Atlantic Charter
]:
ibid.,
pp. 28-29.

[
FDR and India during World War II
]:
ibid.;
Christopher Thome,
Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941-1945
(Oxford University Press, 1978), chs. 8, 14, 21, 28; see also, generally, Louis.

[“
Dear Friend
”]: quoted in Hess, pp. 68-69.

[“
Restore to India”]:
cable of July 25, 1942, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 76.

[“
1,100,000,000 potential enemies
”]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 155.

[
Postwar Indian criticism of U.S.
]: see
ibid.,
pp. 163-72
passim.

339
[
Gandhi
’
s
“
congratulatory
”
telegram
]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 155.

[
Roosevelt
’
s voyage to India
]: Eleanor Roosevelt,
India and the Awakening East
(Harper, 1953); Lash, pp. 195-205.

[
Indian conditions
]: see Nair; Bourke-White; Ronald Segal,
The Anguish of India
(Stein & Day, 1965); Chester Bowles,
Ambassador
’
s Report
(Harper, 1954); Amlam Dalta, “India,” in Adamantios A. Pepelasis et al.,
Economic Development: Analysis and Case Studies
(Harper, 1961), ch. 13; Donald K. Faris,
To Plow with Hope
(Harper, 1958), esp. part 1.

[
Senator Kennedy
’
s anticolonial speeches
]: see Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
pp. 507-8; Parmet,
Jack,
pp. 399-408; Burns,
Profile,
pp. 193-200.

[
Representative Kennedy
’
s tour of Asia
]: Parmet,
Jack,
pp. 226-28; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
p. 522; see also W. W. Rostow,
The Diffusion of Power: An Essay in Recent History
(Macmillan, 1972), p. 106.

[“
Key area
”]: Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
p. 522.

[
Foreign aid to India
]: P. J. Eldridge,
The Politics of Foreign Aid in India
(Schocken, 1970), p
assim;
see also Segal, ch. 4; Rostow, ch. 20.

340
[
India and the Soviet Union
]: see Eldridge, ch. 4 and
passim;
Bowles, chs. 15-16; Arthur Stein,
India and the Soviet Union: The Nehru Era
(University of Chicago Press, 1969); Robert H. Donaldson,
Soviet Policy towards India: Ideology and Strategy
(Harvard University Press, 1974), chs. 3-5; see also Robert Trumbull,
As I See India
(William Sloane Associates, 1956), ch. 17.

[
Indian polls on U.S. and Soviet prestige
]: see Eldridge, pp. 98-111
passim.
[
Chinese-Indian border conflict
]: Neville Maxwell,
India
’
s China War
(Pantheon, 1970); John Kenneth Galbraith,
Ambassador
’
s Journal: A Personal Account of the Kennedy Years
(Houghton Mifflin, 1969), chs. 19-22.

[
Nehru in the U.S., 1961
]: Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
pp. 523-26; Kennedy quoted at p. 526; Galbraith, pp. 245-51; India Information Services,
The Prime Minister Comes to America
(Information Service of India, n.d.).

[
Jackie Kennedy in India and Pakistan
]: Galbraith, pp. 305-33
passim;
Schlesinger,
Thousand Days,
pp. 530-31; Sorensen,
Kennedy,
p. 383.

341
[
Budding revolution in Southeast Asia
]: see Osborne, esp. chs. 3-4; Erich H. Jacoby,
Agrarian Unrest in Southeast Asia
(Columbia University Press, 1949); Frank N. Trager, ed.,
Marxism in Southeast Asia: A Study of Four Countries
(Stanford University Press, 1959); Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff,
The Left Wing in Southeast Asia
(William Sloane Associates, 1950).

[
Ho and the American Declaration of Independence
]: see Marvin E. Gettleman et al., eds.,
Vietnam and America: A Documentary History
(Grove Press, 1985), pp. 39-42; Morris, p. 220; Stanley Karnow,
Vietnam
(Viking, 1983), pp. 135-36; see also Jean Lacouture,
Ho Chi Minh,
Peter Wiles, trans. (Random House. 1968), ch. 14; David V. J. Bell and Allen E. Goodman, “Vietnam and the American Revolution,”
Yale Review,
vol. 61, no. l (October 1971), pp. 26-34.

341
[
Roosevelt and Indochina
]: Gary R. Hess, “Franklin Roosevelt and Indochina,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 59, no. 2 (September 1972), pp. 353-68; Walter LaFeber, “Roosevelt, Churchill, and Indochina, 1942-45,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 80, no. 5 (December 1975), pp. 1277-95; Thorne, chs. 7, 13, 20, 27.

[“
Cheerful fecklessness
”]: quoted in Hess, “Roosevelt and Indochina,” p. 356.

342
[
U.S. and Indochina, Truman and Eisenhower Administrations
]: George McT. Kahin,
Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam
(Knopf, 1986), chs. 1-4; Karnow, chs. 4-6; Townsend Hoopes,
The Devil and John Foster Dulles
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1973), chs. 15-16; Leslie H. Gelb and Richard K. Betts,
The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked
(Brookings Institution, 1979), pp. 36-68; K. M. Kail,
What Washington Said: Administration Rhetoric and the Vietnam War, 1949-1969
(Harper, 1973),
passim
; Ronald H. Spector,
Advice and Support
:
The Early Years of the United States Army in Vietnam, 1941-1960
(Free Press, 1985), parts 2-3; Jeanette P. Nichols, “United States Aid to South and Southeast Asia, 1950-1960,”
Pacific Historical Review,
vol. 32, no. 2 (1963), pp. 171-84.

[
President Kennedy and Indochina
]: Kahin, chs. 5-6; Karnow, chs. 7-8; Gelb and Betts, ch. 3; Schlesingcr,
Thousand Days,
chs. 13, 20; Kail,
passim;
David Halberstam,
The Best and the Brightest
(Random House, 1972), chs. 1-16; William J. Rust,
Kennedy in Vietnam
(Scribner, 1985); Richard J. Walton,
Cold War and Counterrevolution: The Foreign Policy of John F. Kennedy
(Viking, 1972), ch. 10; Kern et al., parts 2, 5; Maxwell D. Taylor,
Swords and Plowshares
(Norton, 1972), chs. 17-18, 23; Ralph L. Stavins, “Kennedy’s Private War,”
New York Review of Books,
vol. 17, no. 1 (July 22, 1971), pp. 20-32; Roger Hilsman,
To Move a Nation
(Doubleday, 1967), part 9.