American Experiment (415 page)

[
Dewey on means and ends of liberalism
]:
ibid.,
pp. 51, 54.

[
Dewey and Hull-House
]: George Dykhuizen,
The Life and Mind of John Dewey
(Southern Illinois University Press, 1973), pp. 104-6.

121
[
Dewey on the experimental method
]: Dewey, “The Future of Liberalism,”
Journal of Philosophy,
vol. 32, no. 9 (April 25, 1935), pp. 225-30, quoted at p. 228.

[“
Comprehensive ideas
”]:
Liberalism and Social Action,
p. 43.

[“
Coherent body of ideas
”]: “Future of Liberalism,” p. 228.

122
[
Old progressives in New Deal
]: Otis L. Graham, Jr.,
An Encore for Reform: The Old Progressives and the New Deal
(Oxford University Press, 1967); see also Alan Brinkley, “A Prelude,”
Wilson Quarterly,
vol. 4, no. 2 (Spring 1982), pp. 51-61; John Morton Blum,
The Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt, Wilson, Roosevelt, Johnson
(Norton, 1980), ch. 3.

[
Graham
’
s survey
]:
Encore,
pp. 166-69. Quoted at p. 169.

[“
Direct reform bloodline
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 8-9.

[
Failure of socialism
]: see sources cited in ch. 2, second section,
supra.

122-3
[
Hartz on socialism
’
s handicap
]: Louis Hartz,
The Liberal Tradition in America
(Harcourt, 955), p. 228.

[
Communist party in 1930s
]: see sources cited in ch. 2, second section,
supra;
and Theodore Draper, “The Popular Front Revisited,”
New York Review of Books,
vol. 32, no. 9 (May 30, 1985), pp. 44-50. [
Communist party membership, 1938
]: Draper, p. 45.

[
Conservatism in New Deal era
]: see sources cited in ch. 2, first section,
supra.
[
Rossiter
’
s identification of conservative groups
]: Clinton Rossiter,
Conservatism in America
(Knopf, 1955), pp. 173-86; see also A. James Reichley,
Conservatives in an Age of Change
(Brookings Institution, 1981), ch. 1.

124
[
Individualism
]: see David Riesman,
Individualism Reconsidered and Other Essays
(Free Press, 1954), esp. part 2.

[
Dewey on
“
individuality
”]: quoted in Arthur A. Ekirch,
Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought
(Quadrangle, 1969), p. 127. [“
Freed intelligence
”]:
Liberalism and Social Action,
p. 50.

124-5
[
Niebuhr on
“
freed intelligence
”]: Niebuhr, “The Pathos of Liberalism” (review of
Liberalism and Social Action)
,
Nation,
vol. 141, no. 3662 (September 11, 1935), pp. 303-4, quoted at p. 303.

125
[“
Pragmatic idealism
”]: Bernard Bailyn,
Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), p. 232.

[“
A void
”]: Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
(Knopf, 1945), vol. 2, p. 77.

[
Softness and shapelessness of New Deal ideology
]: see Jacob Cohen, “Schlesinger and the New Deal,”
Dissent,
vol. 8, no. 4 (Autumn 1961), pp. 461-72, esp. pp. 466-68; Barton J. Bernstein, “The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform,” in Bernstein and Allen J. Matusow, eds.,
Twentieth-Century America: Recent Interpretations
(Harcourt, 1972), pp. 242-64.

126
[
The four parties
]: Burns,
Deadlock,
esp. chs. 8-9, 126-7.

[
Cohen on New Deal
]: Cohen, p. 465.

127
[
Bernstein on New Deal
]: Introduction to Bernstein in Bernstein and Matusow, p. 243, and Bernstein in
ibid.,
pp. 259-60.

[
Conkin on New Deal
]: Paul Conkin,
The New Deal,
2d ed. (Harlan Davidson, 1975), p. 71; see also Jerold S. Auerbach, “New Deal, Old Deal, or Raw Deal: Some Thoughts on New Left Historiography,”
Journal of Southern History,
vol. 35, no. 1 (February 1969), pp. 18-30.

[
Revisionists and bank crisis
]: see Kenneth S. Davis,
FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933-1937
(Random House, 1986), pp. 49-53 and sources cited therein; Conkin, pp. 65-66, 75-76; Auerbach.

[
New Deal income redistribution
]:
see Historical Statistics,
part 1, p. 301 (Series G 319-36) and p. 302 (Series G 319-36 and G 337-52).

[
Berle on FDR
]: Berle and Jacobs, p. 149; see also Berle Papers, Personal Correspondence 1936-38, esp. container 25, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y.

[
Stone on taxing power
]: quoted in Perkins, p. 286.

[
FDR on Keynes and vice versa
]: FDR quoted in
ibid.,
p. 225; Keynes’s reaction in
ibid.,
p. 226. 

130-1
[
Planning in New Deal
]: see Graham, “Planning Ideal and American Reality,”
passim;
Otis L. Graham, Jr.,
Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon
(Oxford University Press, 1976), ch.1; Barry D. Karl,
Charles G. Merriam and the Study of Politics
(University of Chicago Press, 1974), chs. 12-13; Byrd Jones, “A Plan for Planning in the New Deal,”
Social Science Quarterly,
vol. 50, no. 3 (December 1969), pp. 525-34.

131
[
Lippmann on planning
]: Lippmann,
An Inquiry into the Principles of the Good Society
(Little, Brown, 1937),
passim.

[
FDR
’
s hopes for further TVA-like programs
]: James MacGregor Burns, “Congress and the Formation of Economic Policies” (doctoral dissertation; Harvard University, 1947), ch. 6.

[“
One of those uncommon junctures
”]: quoted in Burns,
Lion,
p. 335.

[
Sivachev on New Deal achievement
]: Sivachev, “The Rise of Statism in 1930s America: A Soviet View of the Social and Political Effects of the New Deal,”
Labor History,
vol. 24, no. 4 (Fall 1983), pp. 500-25, quoted at p. 504; see also Bradford A. Lee, “The New Deal Reconsidered,”
Wilson (Quarterly,
vol. 4, no. 2 (Spring 1982), pp. 62-76; Cohen, pp. 471-72; William E. Leuchtenburg, “The New Deal and the Analogue of War,” in John Braeman et al., eds.,
Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America
(Ohio State University Press, 1964), pp. 81-143; Rush Welter,
Popular Education and Democratic Thought in America
(Columbia University Press, 1962), pp. 310-17.

[
Liberty and the New Deal
]: see Jerold S. Auerbach,
Labor and Liberty: The La Follette Committee and the New Deal
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1966), pp. 208-18, and sources cited therein.

[“
Weakest in philosophy
”]: Alfred Kazin,
On Native Grounds
(Reynal & Hitchcock, 1942), p. 492.

[
Wells on FDR
]: quoted in
ibid.,
p. 493.

The People’s Art

132
[
Short's House performance
]: quoted in
Congressional Record,
75th Congress, 3rd Session, vol. 83, part 8, p. 9497 (June 15, 1938); see also Richard D. McKinzie,
The New Deal for Artists
(Princeton University Press, 1973), pp. 154-55.

[
Attack upon cultural programs
]: McKinzie, ch. 9; Jerre Mangione,
The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers
’
Project, 1935-1943
(Little, Brown, 1972), chs. 1, 8; Jane De Hart Mathews,
The Federal Theatre, 1935-1939: Plays, Relief and Politics
(Princeton University Press, 1967), chs. 5-6.

[“
Smeared upon the walls
”]: testimony of Walter Steele,
Hearings Before a Special Committee
o
n Un-American Activities, House of Representatives,
75th Congress, 3rd Session (1938), vol. 1, p. 554.

[“
Is he a Communist?
”]: Representative Joe Starnes of Alabama, quoted in testimony of Hallie Flanagan,
ibid.,
vol. 4, p. 2857.

133
[
Eleanor Roosevelt
’
s support of arts programs
]: quoted in McKinzie, p. 10; see also Lash, pp. 467-68.

[
Biddle
’
s initiative
]: McKinzie, pp. 5-10, McKinzie quoted on “social revolution” at p. 5; George Biddle,
An American Artist
’
s Story
(Little, Brown, 1939), pp. 263-80; William F. McDonald,
Federal Relief Administration and the Arts
(Ohio State University Press, 1969), pp. 357-61.

[“
Awkward embrace
”]: Joan Simpson Burns,
The Awkward Embrace: The Creative Artist and the Institution in America
(Knopf, 1975); see also McKinzie, chs. 3-5.

134
[
San Francisco murals controversy
]: McKinzie, pp. 24-26.

[
Kent
’
s Eskimos and Puerto Ricans
]:
ibid.,
pp. 63-64.

[“
The Fleet
’
s In
”]:
ibid.,
pp. 29-30, quoted at p. 29.

[
Artistic production under public works program
]:
ibid.,
p. 27.

[
TAP
]:
ibid.,
ch. 5; McDonald, chs. 18-19; Francis V. O’Connor, ed.,
Art for the Millions
(New York Graphic Society, 1973); O’Connor, ed.,
The New Deal Art Projects: An Anthology of Memoirs
(Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972); New York Public Library,
FDR and the Arts: The WPA Arts Projects
(exhibition brochure, 1983); Marianne Doezma,
American Realism and the Industrial Age
(Cleveland Museum of Art/Indiana University Press, 1980), pp. 108-14; Selden Rodman,
Ben Shahn: Portrait of the Artist as an American
(Harper, 1951), ch. 3; Garnett McCoy, “Poverty, Politics and Artists, 1930-1945,”
Art in America,
vol. 53, no. 4 (August-September, 1965), pp. 88-107;
Art in Public Buildings,
vol. 1:
Mural Designs, 1934-1936
(Art in Federal Buildings, Inc., 1936). [
Output under FAP
]: McKinzie, p. 105.

135
[
Bringing people
’
s art to the people
]: Jane De Hart Mathews, “Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 62, no. 2 (September 1975), pp. 316-39; McDonald, pp. 463-79; McKinzie, ch. 8.

[
Cahill on art
]: quoted in Mathews, “Arts and the People,” p. 323.

[
New York artists
’
protest
]: McKinzie, p. 96.

[
Reduction of WPA rolls
]:
ibid.,
p. 97. 135-6 [
Flanagan and formation of FTP
]: Hallie Flanagan,
Arena
(Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1940), pp. 3-47; Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
chs. 1-2; McDonald, pp. 496-533; Willson Whitman,
Bread and Circuses: A Study of the Federal Theatre
(Oxford University Press, 1937), chs. 2-3; Jay Williams,
Stage Left
(Scribner, 1974), pp. 221-22.

136
[“
A changing world
”]: quoted in Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
pp. 42-43.

[Murder in the Cathedral]:
ibid.,
pp. 74-75; Whitman, pp. 39-40; Williams, p. 223. [Macbeth]: Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
pp. 75-76, woman quoted on Shakespeare at p. 104; Richard France,
The Theatre of Orson Welles
(Bucknell University Press, 1977), ch. 2; John Houseman,
Run-Through
(Simon and Schuster, 1972), pp. 185-205.

137
[
Cagey on Living Newspapers
]: Edmond M. Cagey,
Revolution in American Drama
(Columbia University Press, 1947), pp. 165-66; see also Williams, pp. 224-25; Flanagan, pp. 64-65, 70-73.

[Ethiopia]: Williams, pp. 225-26; Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
pp. 62-68.

[Triple-A Plowed Under]: Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
pp. 70-74; Williams, pp. 88-92.

[Injunction Granted]: Flanagan, pp. 72-73; Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
pp. 109-13; Whitman, pp. 85-86; John O’Connor and Lorraine Brown,
Free, Adult, Uncensored: The Living History of the Federal Theatre Project
(New Republic Books, 1978), pp. 76-87; Granville Vernon, review of
Injunction Granted, Commonweal,
vol. 24, no. 17 (August 21, 1936), p. 407.

[Power]: Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
pp. 113-15, Atkinson quoted at p. 114; Whitman, pp. 87-88.

[One-Third of a Nation]: Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
pp. 169-77; O’Connor and Brown, pp. 160-73; Brooks Atkinson, review of
One-Third of a Nation,
in Bernard Beckerman and Howard Siegman, eds.,
On Stage: Selected Theater Reviews from The New York Times, 1920-1970
(Arno Press, 1973), p. 196.

[It Can’t Happen Here]: O’Connor and Brown, pp. 58-67; Williams, pp. 228-29.

[
Regional FTP
]: Flanagan,
passim
; McDonald, ch. 22; Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
ch. 4; Whitman, pp. 73-78.

138
[
FTP
’
s dance unit
]: O’Connor and Brown, pp. 212-23; Williams, p. 231. [“
Always dangerous
”]: quoted in Whitman, p. 172.

[
Alexander on 1930s
]: Charles C. Alexander,
Here the Country Lies: Nationalism and the Arts in Twentieth-Century America
(Indiana University Press, 1980), p. 191.

138-9
[Cradle Will Rock
controversy
]: Mathews,
Federal Theatre,
pp. 122-25; France, ch. 5; Houseman, pp. 245-49, 253-79.

139
[
FWP
]: Mangione; McDonald, chs. 26-28.

[
Publishers
’
letter on FWP
]: quoted in Mangione, p. 15.

[
Women as FWP state heads
]:
ibid.,
p. 88.

[
FWP writers and output
]: Ray A. Billington, “Government and the Arts: The W.P.A. Experience,”
American Quarterly,
vol. 13, no. 4 (Winter 1961), p. 468; Mangione, pp. 8-9.