American Experiment (121 page)

[Jefferson’s failure to elicit full support for the embargo from his colleagues]:
Johnstone, p. 266.

[Jefferson’s “un-Jeffersonian” behavior in enforcing embargo]: ibid.,
p. 284.

[Poetic attack on Jefferson by William Cullen Bryant]:
William Cullen Bryant,
The Embargo,
“By a Youth of Thirteen” (Printed for the Purchasers, 1808); quoted in part in Malone,
Jefferson: Second Term,
p. 606.

[Jefferson on the sudden unaccountable revolution]:
Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Feb. 7, 1809, Ford, Vol. 9, p. 244.

[Jefferson on “hurricane…now blasting the world”]:
Jefferson to Caesar Rodney, Feb. 10, 1810,
ibid,
p. 271.

[Impeachment of Justice Chase]:
Johnstone, pp. 182-87.
[Chase on “mobocracy”]:
quoted in Nathan Schachner,
Thomas Jefferson
(Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1951), Vol. 2, p.

778.

[Jefferson as political leader]:
Johnstone, passim; Dumas Malone,
Thomas Jefferson as Political Leader
(University of California Press, 1963).

[The Marshall court]:
Albert J. Beveridge,
The Life of John Marshall
(Houghton Mifflin, 1919), Vol. 3; Charles Warren,
The Supreme Court in United States History
(Little, Brown, 1924), Vol. 1.

[Trial of Aaron Burr]:
Richard B. Morris,
Fair Trial
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1952); Francis F. Beime,
Shout Treason: The Trial of Aaron Burr
(Hastings House, 1959); cf. Julius W. Pratt, “Aaron Burr and the Historians,”
New York History,
Vol. 26, No. 4 (October 1945). PP 447-70.

[Jefferson on the Madison-Monroe friction]:
Jefferson to Monroe, February 18, 1808, Ford, Vol. 9, p. 17, 7-78.

[Election of 1808]:
Irving Brant, “Election of 1808,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., cd.,
History of American Presidential Elections
(Chelsea House, 1971), Vol. 1, pp. 185-246.

[Dolley Madison’s interposition between the French and English ministers]:
Irving Brant,
The Fourth President
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1970), p. 404.

[Origins of War of 1812]:
Bradford Perkins,
Prologue to War, 1805-1812
(University of California Press, 1961); George R. Taylor, “Agrarian Discontent in the Mississippi Valley Preceding the War of
1812,” Journal of Political Economy,
Vol. 39, No. 4 (August 1931), pp. 471-505; William Appleman Williams,
The Contours of American History
(World, 1961), pp. 192-96. Roger H. Brown offers a somewhat different analysis in
The Republic in Peril: 1812
(Columbia University Press, 1964).

[War of 1812]:
Patrick C.T. White,
Nation on Trial: America and War of 1812
(John Wiley & Sons, 1965); Reginald Horsman,
The War of 1812
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1969); Harry L. Coles,
The War of 1812
(University of Chicago Press, 1965).

[John Randolph as legislative leader]:
William Cabell Bruce,
John Randolph of Roanoke
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1922), Vol. 1, Ch. 7.

[Tension earlier between Madison and Monroe]:
Harry Ammon
, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity
(McGraw-Hill, 1971), Ch. 15; Brant,
The Fourth President,
Ch. 40.

[Monroe’s appointment as Secretary of State]:
Ammon, pp. 454-56; Irving Brant,
James Madison the President
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1956), Ch. 18.

[Boston
Columbian Centinel
on western “hypocrisy”]:
quoted in Bailey, p. 135.

[Benton on question of war]:
Thomas Hart Benton to Henry Clay, Feb. 7, 1810, in James F. Hopkins, ed.,
The Papers of Henry Clay
(University Press of Kentucky, 1959), Vol. l, p. 447.

[Clay on conquest of Canada]: ibid.,
p. 450.

[Macon on the governments of England and France]:
quoted in Bailey, p. 137.

[Madison on going to war against England and/or France]:
James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, May 25, 1812, Gaillard Hunt, ed.,
The Writings of James Madison
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), Vol. 8, p. 191.

[Monroe’s anonymous letter]:
Washington
National Intelligencer
editorial, April 14, 1812, Hopkins, Vol. 1, p. 645; originally thought to have been written by Clay, it has been proved to be the work of Monroe.

[Madison’s war message]:
Hunt, Vol. 8, p. 198.

[John Quincy Adams on impressment]:
Perkins, p. 428.
[Calhoun on same]: ibid,
p. 434.

[Fourth of July toast]: ibid.,
p. 435.

[Election of 1812]:
Norman K. Risjord, “The Election of 1812,” in Schlesinger, pp. 249-72.

[Madison on “Experimentum crucis”]:
Madison to Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 14, 1812, Hunt, Vol. 8, p. 220.

[English commander on regulars]:
Coles, p. 157.

[The American way of war]:
Merle Curti,
Peace or War: The American Struggle, 1636-1936.
(W. W. Norton, 1936); Russell F. Weigley,
The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy
(Macmillan, 1973); Walter Millis,
Arms and Men
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1956).

[Jay on the supreme need for safety]: Federalist
No. 3, in Edward Mead Earle, ed.,
The Federalist
(Modern Library, n.d), p. 13.

[Relative size of American and European military efforts]:
John K. Mahan,
The War of 1812
(University of Florida Press, 1972), p. 325.

[The Hartford Convention]:
Henry Adams,
History of the United States, 1813-1817
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891), Vol. 2; James M. Banner, Jr.,
To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789-1815
Alfred A. Knopf, 1970); David H. Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism
(Harper & Row, 1965), pp. 177-78 and passim; Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis
(Houghton Mifflin, 1969), esp. Ch. 17.

[Monroe’s effort to monitor the convention]:
Ammon, pp. 341-42.

[Waterside Yankee leaders]:
my portraits are drawn mainly from Fischer’s brief biographies of old Federalists in Fischer, pp. 245-59.
[Ames as “lethargic, “etc.]: ibid.,
p. 21.

[Salem in 1790]:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Maritime History of Massachusetts
(Houghton Mifflin, 1921), p. 79.

[Marblehead]:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
By Land and By Sea
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1953), p. 183.

[Other ports]:
Robert C. Albion, William A. Baker, and Benjamin W. Labaree,
New England and the Sea
(Wesleyan University Press, 1972), passim; see also David T. Gilchrist, ed.,
The Growth of the Seaport Cities, 1790-1825;
(University Press of Virginia, 1967).

[Plymouth rope making]:
Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Ropemakers of Plymouth
(Houghton Mifflin, 1950).

[The sight of Boston]:
quoted by Morison from unnamed source, in Morison,
Maritime History of Massachusetts,
p. 42.

[Connecticut Valley trade]:
Margaret Elizabeth Martin,
Merchants and Trade of the Connecticut River Valley, 1750-1820
(Smith College Studies in History, Vol. 24, October 1938-July 1939).

[Yankee merchants]:
Arthur Meier Schlesinger,
The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution, 1763-1776
(Longmans, Green, 1918); see also George E. Brooks, Jr.,
Yankee Traders, Old Coasters and African Middlemen
(Boston University Press, 1970).

[Yankee merchants’ preoccupation with commerce]:
Brissot de Warville, 1788, quoted in Morison,
Maritime History of Massachusetts,
p. 43.

[Mariner’s life]:
Albion, Baker, and Labaree, p. 86.

[Social deference in the port towns]:
Fischer, p. xiv; for a broad view of a specific social order, that of the merchants of Newburyport, see Benjamin W. Labaree,
Patriots and Partisans
(Harvard University Press, 1962); see also Albion, Baker, and Labaree, pp. 50-53.

[Boston and Cambridge cultural scenes around 1815]:
Van Wyck Brooks,
The Flowering of New England, 1815-1865,
E. P. Dutton, 1936), Chs. 1-2, quoted at p. 8. See also Vernon L. Parrington,
Main Currents in American Thought
(Harcourt, Brace, 1930). Vol.2, Book 3, Part I.

[The Essex Junto]:
David H. Fischer, “The Myth of the Essex Junto,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Third Series, Vol. 21, No. 2 (April 1964). pp. 191-235.

[Essexmen as conservatives]:
Fischer, “Myth of the Essex junto,” p. 199.

[John Quincy Adams on Essexmen’s selfishness]:
J. Q. Adams to Josiah Quincy, Dec. 4, 1804, cited in Edmund Quincy,
Josiah Quincy
(Fields, Osgood, 1869), p. 64.

[John Adams’ instructions to himself on the proper pursuit of knowledge]:
L. H. Butterfield, ed.,
Diary and Autobiography of John Adams
(Belknap Press, 1961), Vol. 1, p. 73 (diary notation of a Tuesday in Jan. 1759).

[Adams’ moral instructions to himself]: ibid.,
p. 72 (same date).

[Adams on individual self-interest versus public virtue]:
quoted in Page Smith,
John Adams
(Doubleday. 1962), p. 234.

[Wood’s summary of reasons for balanced government]:
Gordon S. Wood,
The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787
(University of North Carolina Press, 1969), p. 198.·

[John Adams on executive power]:
see Manning J. Dauer,
The Adams Federalists
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1953), esp. Ch. 3.

[Adams’ fear of the few]:
Adams to Jefferson, March 1, 1778, Adams Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society. Boston.

[Adams quoted on liberty]:
Smith, pp. 78-79.

[Adams on equality]:
quoted in Smith, Vol. 1, p. 259, from Charles Francis Adams, ed.,
Works
(Little, Brown, 1854), Vol. 9, pp. 375-78 (Adams to James Sullivan, May 26, 1776).

[Adams on properly as a liberty]:
quoted in Dauer, p. 42.

[Adams’ views in general]:
see also Zoltán Haraszti,
John Adams and the Prophets of Progress
(Crosse t& Dunlap, 1964); Clinton Rossiter,
Conservatism in America
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).

[Federalist party]:
Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism,
passim; see also Linda K. Kerber,
Federalists in Dissent
(Cornell University Press, 1970); Shaw Livermore, Jr.,
The Twilight of Federalism
(Princeton University Press, 1962).

[Fischer on Adams’ “curious relationship”]: The Revolution of American Conservatism,
p. 7.

[Adams’ puzzling motives]:
Ebenezer Mattoon to Thomas Dwight, March 2, 1801, quoted in Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism,
p. 18.

[Adams on his Federalist foes’ “stiff·rumped stupidity”]:
John Adams to John Quincy Adams, Dec. 14, 1804, Adams Family Papers, Reel 403, Massachusetts Historical Society.

[John Quincy Adams’ alienation from the Federalist party in Massachusetts]:
Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), pp. 138-50.

[Samuel Chase on liberty]:
Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism,
p. 358.

[Samuel Lyman on nothing so unequal as equality”]: ibid.,
p. 251.

[Sewall on security]: ibid.,
p. 256.

[Ames on “Madam Liberty”]: ibid.,
p. 26.

[Ames on disorganization of Federalists]: ibid, p.
53.

[Federalist satire of the “Grand Caucus”]: ibid.,
p. 57.

[Federalist attempts to organize a party mechanism]:
See in general Linda K. Kerber, “The Federalist Party,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of U.S. Political Parties
(Chelsea House, 1973), Vol. 1, pp. 3-29. See also Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism,
Ch. 3.

[Jeremiah Smith on “red hot feds”]: ibid.,
p. 64.

[Pickering’s secession “plot” of 1804]:
Fischer, “The Myth of the Essex Junto,” pp. 229-32.

[Hartford Convention finale]:
Banner, Ch. 8; Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis;
review of Banner by Fischer in
American Historical Review,
Vol. 75, No. 6 (October 1970), pp. 1778-79.

[Hartford Convention report]:
quoted in Richard B. Morris, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American History,
rev. ed. (Harper & Brothers, 1961), p. 153.

[Madison on hearing of the proposed Hartford Convention]:
Brant,
The Fourth President,
p. 582.

[Jefferson on Hartford Convention]:
Ford, Vol. 8, p. 67.

[Gallatin at Ghent]:
Henry Adams,
The Life of Albert Gallatin
(Lippincott, 1879), pp. 508-48.

[Negotiations at Ghent]:
A. L. Burt,
The United States, Great Britain, and British North America
(Yale University Press, 1940), Ch. 15; Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), Chs. 9 and 10.

[J
.
Q. Adams on his colleagues’ drinking and smoking habits]:
Charles Francis Adams, ed.,
Memoirs of John Quincy Adams
(Lippincott, 1874), Vol. 2, p. 656 (diary entry of July 8, 1814).

[Albert Gallatin as peacemaker]:
Viscount Bryce, ed.,
A Great Peace Maker: The Diary of James Gallatin
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1914), p. 28.

[France as a political volcano]:
William H. Crawford to Henry Clay, May 15, 1814, in James F. Hopkins, ed.,
The Papers of Henry Clay
(University Press of Kentucky, 1959), Vol. 1, p. 911.