America Aflame (92 page)

CHAPTER 5: BLOOD ON THE PLAINS

1.
The discussion on the Plains Indians in this chapter benefited particularly from the following works: Colin G. Calloway, ed.,
Our Hearts Fell to the Ground: Plains Indian Views of How the West Was Lost
(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996); Arrell Morgan Gibson,
The American Indian: Prehistory to the Present
(Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1980); Patricia Nelson Limerick,
The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West
(New York: Norton, 1987); Joseph M. Marshall III,
The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History
(New York: Penguin, 2004); Mike Sajna,
Crazy Horse: The Life Behind the Legend
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000); Philip Weeks,
Farewell, My Nation: The American Indian and the United States, 1820–1890
(Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1990); Richard White,
“It's your misfortune and none of my own”: A History of the American West
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).

2.
Quoted in Weeks,
Farewell
, 63.

3.
Both quotes in Marshall,
Journey of Crazy Horse
, 34.

4.
Quoted in Sajna,
Crazy Horse
, 91.

5.
Quoted in George M. Fredrickson,
The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914
(New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 98; see also Thomas F. Gossett,
Race: The History of an Idea in America
(Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963), 89–96.

6.
Frederick Law Olmsted,
A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on their Economy
(New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 18, available on Google Books; William C. Daniell, “Southern Agricultural Congress,”
Southern Literary Messenger
18 (October 1852): 616.

7.
Horace Greeley,
An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859
(New York: C. M. Saxton, Barker, 1860). Letter 13: “Lo! the Poor Indian!” http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/roughingit/map/indgreeley.html.

8.
See Marshall,
Journey of Crazy Horse
, 39–46, for additional details on this episode.

9.
Quotes are from Sajna,
Crazy Horse
, 109, 110.

10.
Quoted in ibid., 111.

11.
Quoted in ibid., 118.

12.
Quoted in ibid., 119.

13.
Seward and Rhett quoted in Robert F. Durden,
The Self-Inflicted Wound: Southern Politics in the Nineteenth Century
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985), 69; Atchison quoted in Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation: America's Foreign Policy from Its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century
(New York: Knopf, 2006), 236.

14.
New York Tribune
, May 28, 1856.

15.
CG
, 34th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (June 21, 1856): 641.

16.
“The Political Aspect,”
Putnam's Monthly Magazine
8 (July 1856): 89.

17.
Quoted in Timothy M. Roberts, “The European Revolutions of 1848 and Antebellum Violence in Kansas,”
Journal of the West
44 (Fall 2005): 66.

18.
Quoted in ibid., 67.

19.
CG
, 34th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (May 19, 1856): 530.

20.
Ibid. (May 20, 1856): 543.

21.
New York Tribune
, May 23, 1856.

22.
Edgefield
(S.C.)
Advertiser
, May 28, 1856, http://history.furman.edu/editorials/see.py?ecode=sceasu560528a.

23.
Quoted in Thomas E. Schott,
Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 205.

24.
Frederick Douglass,
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
(Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2003; first published in 1892), 195.

25.
Ibid., 194.

26.
Quoted in David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 222.

27.
De Bow, “The War Against the South—Opinions of Freesoilers and Abolitionists, Their Denunciations, etc.,”
De Bow's Review
21 (September 1856): 271–72, 276.

28.
Ibid., 274.

29.
Ibid
.,
276.

30.
CW
, 2:322, 341.

31.
Quoted in Allen C. Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1999), 205.

32.
Quoted in Joan D. Hedrick,
Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 258.

33.
Quoted in Schott,
Stephens
, 208.

34.
Quoted in David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 315.

35.
Alexander K. McClure,
Recollections of Half a Century
(Salem, Mass.: Salem Press, 1902), 357.

36.
Quoted in Richard Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 260, 262.

37.
Quoted in ibid., 260.

38.
Quotes in Durden,
Self-Inflicted Wound
, 171, 172.

39.
Quotes in Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics
, 263, 264.

40.
Quoted in ibid., 268.

41.
Quoted in ibid., 269.

42.
Quoted in Guelzo,
Redeemer President
, 206.

43.
Quoted in William E. Gienapp,
The Origins of the Republican Party
,
1852–1856
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 442.

CHAPTER 6: REVIVAL

1.
The definitive work on the Revival is Kathryn Teresa Long,
The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

2.
“The Commercial Crisis of 1857,”
Hunt's Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review
10 (November 1857): 533.

3.
Quoted in Long,
Revival
, 52.

4.
Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself,” in
Leaves of Grass
, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 36.

5.
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
13 (July 1856): 272; George Templeton Strong,
The Diary of George Templeton Strong
,
ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, (New York: Macmillan, 1952), October 27, 1850, 2:24.

6.
Quoted in Sean Wilentz,
Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 108.

7.
Quoted in Stuart M. Blumin,
The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City
,
1760–1900
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 14.

8.
Quotes in David Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell,
Urban America: A History
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 145.

9.
Harper's Weekly
11 (July 1855): 272.

10.
Quoted in Goldfield and Brownell,
Urban America
, 173.

11.
Quoted in ibid.

12.
Quoted in Heather D. Curtis, “Views of Self, Success, and Society Among Young Men in Antebellum Boston,”
Church History
73 (September 2004): 629–30.

13.
Quoted in Gunther Barth,
City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 123.

14.
On department stores and suburban development, see Goldfield and Brownell,
Urban America
, 117–28.

15.
On urban reform and innovation in the 1850s, see ibid., chapter 6.

16.
Walt Whitman, “Pioneers! O Pioneers!”
Leaves of Grass
, 229–230.

17.
“Self Reliance,” in
Ralph Waldo Emerson: Essays and Lectures
, ed. Joel Porte (New York: Literary Classics of the U.S., 1983), 270.

18.
For biographical material on Whitman, I have relied on Philip Callow,
From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman
(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992); Roy Morris Jr.,
The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); and David S. Reynolds,
Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography
(New York: Knopf, 1995).

19.
See Tyler Anbinder,
Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum
(New York: Free Press, 2001).

20.
“Self-government in Large Cities,”
Harper's
, November 20, 1858, 738; Nevins and Thomas,
Diary of Strong
, October 22, 1857, 2:357.

21.
Quoted in Reynolds,
Whitman's America
, 109.

22.
“Questionable Progress of the Age,”
De Bow's Review
16 (April 1854): 369; George Fitzhugh,
Sociology for the South: or, The Failure of Free Society
(Richmond: A. Morris, 1854), 201.

23.
J. D. B. De Bow, “Cannibals All, or Slaves without Masters,”
De Bow's Review
22 (May 1857): 546.

24.
Quoted in Reynolds,
Whitman's America
, 140.

25.
Malcolm Cowley, ed.,
Walt Whitman's
Leaves of Grass (New York: Viking, 1959), 16; Tocqueville quoted in Aurelian Craiutu and Jeremy Jennings, “The Third
Democracy
: Tocqueville's Views of America After 1840,”
American Political Science Review
98 (August 2004): 399.

26.
Quoted in R. Kent Newmyer,
The Supreme Court Under Marshall and Taney
, 2nd ed. (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 2006), 93.

27.
On the Dred Scott case, see Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).

28.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
, 60 U.S. 404–5 (1857).

29.
Richmond Enquirer
, March 10, 1857.

30.
CG
, 35th Congress, 1st Session (March 3, 1858): 941.

31.
New York Tribune
, March 11, 1857.

32.
Ibid.

33.
Quoted in Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics
, 280.

34.
Quoted in David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis
,
1848–1861
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 281.

35.
Quoted in Vincent Harding,
There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1981), 203.

36.
Quoted in ibid.

37.
Quoted in John Sherman,
John Sherman's Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet
(Chicago: Warner, 1895), 1:149.

38.
Quoted in Thomas E. Schott,
Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 245.

39.
Both quotes in Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 590–91, 586.

40.
Quoted in Schott,
Stephens
, 251.

41.
Quoted in Ernest Lee Tuveson,
Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 71.

42.
Quoted in Jan C. Dawson, “The Puritan and the Cavalier: The South's Perception of Contrasting Traditions,”
Journal of Southern History
44 (November 1978): 600.

43.
Bangs quoted in Mark A. Noll,
America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 344; Hildreth quoted in Allen C. Guelzo, “‘The Science of Duty': Moral Philosophy and the Epistemology of Science in Nineteenth-Century America,” in
Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective
, ed. David N. Livingstone, D. G. Hart, and Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 281.

44.
Quotes from Long,
Revival of 1857–58
, 36.

45.
Quotes from ibid., 33.

46.
Quoted in ibid., 44.

47.
Quoted in ibid., 105–6.

48.
Quoted in ibid., 48.

49.
Quoted in Richard Carwardine,
Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 293.

50.
Quoted in Schott,
Stephens
, 255.

51.
Douglas quoted in David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 209; platform quoted in William E. Gienapp, “Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North Before the Civil War,”
Journal of American History
72 (December 1985): 548.

52.
CW
2:461–62.

53.
See Allen C. Guelzo,
Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates That Defined America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009).

54.
Quoted in Hans L. Trefousse,
Carl Schurz: A Biography
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982), 71.