America Aflame (102 page)

46.
Quoted in Richardson,
West from Appomattox
, 122.

47.
See Robert C. Williams,
Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom
(New York: New York University Press, 2006).

48.
First quote in “Mr. Greeley and the Colored Citizens,”
Harper's
, June 15, 1872, 467; Greeley quotes in Blum,
Reforging the White Republic
, 116.

49.
“The Georgia Election,”
Harper's
, October 19, 1872, 803.

50.
Nast titled the first cartoon “Old Honesty,”
Harper's
, July 20, 1872, 573; Greeley quoted in Foner,
Reconstruction
, 508.

51.
Quoted in Ron Powers,
Mark Twain: A Life
(New York: Free Press, 2005), 327.

52.
Frederic Bancroft, ed.,
Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz
, 6 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913), 2:311.

53.
C. Vann Woodward,
Origins of the New South, 1877–1913
, 2 vols. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971; first published in 1951), 2:457.

54.
Bruce E. Baker,
What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), 15.

55.
Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson,
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 106.

56.
Quoted in ibid., 111; Claude Bowers,
The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln
(New York: Retail Press, 2008; first published in 1929), 418. Bowers meant it as a compliment.

57.
All quotes in Benedict, “Reform Republicans,” 69, 60.

CHAPTER 21: LET IT BE

1.
Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson,
West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 151.

2.
Quoted in Bruce J. Evensen,
God's Man for the Gilded Age: D. L. Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 104.

3.
See Charles R. Morris,
The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy
(New York: Holt, 2005), 99–117.

4.
See David Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell,
Urban America: A History
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 196–200.

5.
O. Henry, “An Unfinished Story,” in
The American Disinherited: A Profile in Fiction
, ed. Abe C. Ravitz (Belmont, Calif.: Dickenson, 1970), 34.

6.
First quote in Stephen Crane,
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and Other New York Writings
(New York: Random House, 2001; first published in 1893), 18; second quote in Allen F. Davis,
Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement, 1890–1914
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 137.

7.
First quote in Alice Kessler-Harris,
Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 100; second quote in Massachusetts Department of Labor,
Thirteenth Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor
(Boston: Rand, Avery, 1882), 300; last quote in Kessler-Harris,
Out to Work
, 98.

8.
First two quotes in Heather Cox Richardson,
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 137; final quote in Donald C. Swift,
Religion and the American Experience
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 212.

9.
All quotes in Richardson,
Death of Reconstruction
, 87, 86, 89.

10.
Quoted in John A. Garraty,
The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890
(New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 145.

11.
Ibid., 152–53.

12.
Quoted in Richardson,
Death of Reconstruction
, 89.

13.
“Song of the Universal,”
Leaves of Grass
, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 226, 227.

14.
“A Song for Occupations,” ibid., 218; “Song of the Exposition,” ibid., 199.

15.
First quote in Simon Newcomb, “The Method and Province of Political Economy,”
North American Review
121 (October 1875): 269; second quote in Morton Keller,
Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth-Century America
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 183.

16.
All quotes in Barry Werth,
Banquet at Delmonico's: Great Minds, the Gilded Age, and the Triumph of Evolution in America
(New York: Random House, 2009), 186, 187.

17.
Quoted in Michael Zuckerman, “Holy Wars, Civil Wars: Religion and Economics in Nineteenth-Century America,”
Prospects
16 (1991): 222.

18.
Quoted in Garraty,
New Commonwealth
, 142.

19.
Quoted in Robert C. Bannister,
Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), 71.

20.
Raymond A. Mohl,
The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860–1920
(Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1985), 157.

21.
Quoted in Richardson,
Death of Reconstruction
, 117.

22.
Charles Nordhoff,
The Cotton States in the Spring and Summer of 1875
(New Castle, Del.: Burt Franklin, 1988; first published in 1876).

23.
Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
(New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 536.

24.
See Douglas A. Blackmon,
Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
(New York: Doubleday, 2008); Pete Daniel,
The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901–1969
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972).

25.
For a comprehensive treatment of the massacre, see LeeAnna Keith,
The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

26.
See Charles Lane,
The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction
(New York: Henry Holt, 2008).

27.
The following discussion of the
Slaughter-House Cases
and the quotes from the justices involved in the decision draw from Richard L. Aynes, “Justice Miller, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the
Slaughter-House
Cases,”
Chicago-Kent Law Review
70 (1994): 627.

28.
For a detailed discussion of the formulation and implementation of the white-line policy in Mississippi, see
Mississippi in 1875: Report of the Select Committee to Inquire into the Mississippi Election of 1875,
2 vols. (Washington: GPO, 1876).

29.
“Condition of the South,”
Index to Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Forty-third Congress
(Washington: GPO, 1875), 2:1005.

30.
See Lawrence N. Powell, “Reinventing Tradition: Liberty Place, Historical Memory, and Silk-Stocking Vigilantism in New Orleans,”
Slavery & Abolition
20 (April 1999): 127–49.

31.
On Ames and the Vicksburg episode, see Nicholas Lemann,
Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006).

32.
First quote in Thomas Nast, “Shall We Call Our Troops Home?”
Harper's
, January 9, 1875, 37; second quote in Adelbert Ames to Blanche Ames, September 5, 1875, in Stephen Budiansky,
The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War
(New York: Plume, 2009), 197.

33.
“Report of the Grand Jury,”
Report of the Select Committee
2:150.

34.
Quoted in Daniel W. Stowell,
Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 148.

35.
“Frederick Douglass's View,”
Harper's
, October 2, 1875, 795.

36.
“The Union and the States,” ibid., April 24, 1875, 334.

37.
Quoted in Lou Falkner Williams,
The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 1871–1872
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 110.

38.
First quote in Michael Perman,
Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1862–1879
(Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1987), 121; second quote in Perman,
The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 161.

39.
All quotes in Edward J. Blum,
Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 125–26.

40.
Quoted in Louis Menand,
The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 313.

41.
Quoted in Michael Les Benedict, “Reform Republicans and the Retreat from Reconstruction,” in
The Facts of Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin
, ed. Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 76.

42.
All quotes in Blum,
Reforging the White Republic
, 110, 127.

43.
Quoted in Richardson,
Death of Reconstruction
, 99.

44.
Quoted in ibid., 142;
Civil Rights Cases,
109 U.S. 3 (1883), http://supreme.justia.com/us/109/3/case.html.

45.
First quote in Richardson,
Death
, 137;
Civil Rights Cases,
109 U.S. 3, 31.

46.
“Decoration-Day,”
Harper's
, June 12, 1875, 474.

47.
Quoted in Nina Silber,
The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865–1900
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 55; other examples of reconciliation in ibid., 96.

CHAPTER 22: CENTENNIAL

1.
For a detailed account of the Hamburg massacre and its aftermath, see Stephen Budiansky,
The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War
(New York: Plume, 2009), 225–53. See also Stephen Kantrowitz,
Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).

2.
Testimony of John Fryer,
South Carolina in 1876. Testimony as to the Denial of the Elective Franchise in South Carolina at the Elections of 1875 and 1876 Taken Under the Resolution of the Senate of December 5, 1876, Forty-fourth Congress, 2nd Session
(Washington: GPO, 1877), 28.

3.
A Centennial Fourth of July Democratic Celebration. The Massacre of Six Colored Citizens of the United States at Hamburgh, S.C., on July 4, 1876. Debate in the U.S. House of Representatives, July 15 and 18, 1876
, 2, http://www.archive.org/details/centennialfourth01unit.

4.
“The Hamburg Butchery,”
Harper's
, August 19, 1876, 671; “The ‘Bloody Shirt' Reformed,” ibid., August 12, 1876, 657.

5.
Quoted in
New York Times
, October 15, 1876.

6.
Governor Chamberlain to President Grant, July 22, 1876, “South Carolina in 1876—Hamburgh Massacre,”
The Miscellaneous Documents of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session of the Forty-fourth Congress
[1876–77] (Washington: GPO, 1877), 6:481; President Grant to Governor Chamberlain, July 26, 1876, “Recent Election in South Carolina,”
Index to Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Forty-fourth Congress, 1876–77
(Washington: GPO, 1877): 2:17; first Butler quote in “South Carolina in 1876” 6:493; final Butler quote in Budiansky,
Bloody Shirt
, 241.

7.
Paul D. Escott et al., eds.,
Major Problems in the History of the American South
, vol. 2,
The New South
, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 37–38.

8.
Rod Andrew Jr.,
Wade Hampton: Confederate Warrior to Southern Redeemer
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 386.

9.
“Speech of General Hampton,”
Index to the Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Forty-fifth Congress
(Washington: GPO, 1877), 2:527.

10.
First quote in Andrew,
Wade Hampton
; second quote in W. Scott Poole,
Never Surrender: Confederate Memory and Conservatism in the South Carolina Upcountry
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004), 123; third quote in Andrew,
Wade Hampton
, 383.

11.
All quotes in W. Scott Poole, “Religion, Gender, and the Lost Cause in South Carolina's 1876 Governor's Race: ‘Hampton or Hell!'”
Journal of Southern History
68 (August 2002): 585, 586, 594, 596.

12.
The election of 1876 is covered in Andrew,
Wade Hampton
, 394–408.

13.
These and subsequent biographical details, unless otherwise noted, are from Bruce J. Evensen,
God's Man for the Gilded Age: D. L Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).