All the Shah’s Men (30 page)

Kashani on foreign yoke: Cottam, Richard W., Nationalism in Iran (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979), p. 152.

Mossadegh warns Razmara of disgrace: Elm, op. cit., p. 71.

Northcroft says nationalists unimportant: FO 371/91524, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 74.

Fateh letter to Elkington: Elm, ibid., pp. 75–76.

Britain’s immense service to mankind: Elm, ibid., p. 79.

Shepherd wrote the gist: Elm, op. cit., p. 80.

Statement of Razmara’s assassin: Cottam, op. cit., p. 151.

Mossadegh doubts effectiveness of bodyguards: Katouzian, op. cit., p. 83.

Colonel on Colt bullet: Katouzian, ibid., p. 84.

Shepherd messages to Shah and Ala, and Ala’s response: Elm, op. cit., pp. 81–82.

Morrison urges troops toward Iran: Elm, op. cit., p. 83.

Qualities of typical Persian: Goode, op. cit., p. 24.

Foreign Office strategy: Elm, op. cit., p. 84.

Emami on British payroll: Dorril, op. cit., p. 573.

Chapter 6: Unseen Enemies Everywhere

CIA mandate: NSC 10/2, “National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects,” quoted in Etzold, Thomas H., and Gaddis, John Lewis,
Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945–1950
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), pp. 125–128.

NSC-68:
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, Vol. I
, pp. 237–292.

Truman points to Iran: Truman conversation with George M. Elsey, June 26, 1950, quoted in Byrne, Malcolm, “The Evolution of U.S. Policy Toward Iran After World War II,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

Baskerville as American Lafayette: Bill, James A., op. cit., p. 17.

American contribution: Farman Farmaian, Sattareh,
Daughter of Persia: A Woman’s Journey From Her Father’s Harem Through the Islamic Revolution
(New York: Anchor, 1992), pp. 56–57.

Unbounded confidence in America: Cottam, Richard W.,
Iran and the United States: A Cold War Case Study
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988), p. 39.

McGhee finds Shah’s plans grandiose: McGhee, op. cit., p. 69.

Nothing in the till: McGhee, ibid., p. 320.

Funkhouser report:
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, Vol. V
, pp. 76–96.

One penny more: Bill, op. cit., p. 72.

Fergusson report: Louis, William Roger, “Britain and the Overthrow of the Mossadeq Government,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

McGhee meeting in Istanbul:
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, Vol. V
, pp. 60–71.

Bevin on nationalization: Bill and Louis, op. cit., p. 6.

McGhee meets Shah: McGhee, ibid., pp. 326–328.

McGhee meets Shepherd: McGhee, op. cit., p. 326.

Meetings in Washington:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., pp. 37–42; also McGhee, op. cit., p. 335.

Radio Tehran’s broadcast: Goode, op. cit., p. 31.

Morrison cable to Franks: FO 371/91535, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 112.

Acheson on Mossadegh: Chase, James,
Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), p. 353.

New York Times
profile of Mossadegh: May 7, 1951.

State Department recognizes sovereign rights of Iran: Alexander and Nanes, op. cit., p. 216.

Morrison annoyed: FO 371/91535, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 17.

Morrison message to Acheson: FO 371/91471, quoted in Abrahamian article in
Science and Society
, op. cit.

Truman exchange with Attlee:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., pp. 59–63.

Grady on nationalization:
Wall Street Journal
, June 9, 1951.

Jackson proposal: Elm, op. cit., pp. 115–116.

Iranian oil clearly British property:
Security Council Official Records
, 559th Meeting, October 1, 1951, p. 11.

They will come crawling:
New York Herald Tribune
, July 15, 1951.

Drake on staying forever: Interview in
Mossadegh
(video), op. cit.

Morrison in House of Commons: Elm, op. cit., p. 89.

Patrick Hurley testimony:
Baltimore Sun
, June 21, 1951.

British press on Mossadegh: Abrahamian article in
Science and Society
, op. cit.

Washington Post sees stricken state: April 7, 1951.

New York Times
on comparisons of Mossadegh to American patriots: November 8, 1951.

Chicago Daily News
on McGhee: June 30, 1951.

Leggett on Anglo-Iranian: FO 371/91522, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 90.

Younger on Anglo-Iranian: Sampson, Anthony,
The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made
(New York: Viking, 1975), p. 120.

Mountbatten on Morrison: Elm, op. cit., pp. 90–91.

Labor attaché on Abadan: FO 371/91628, quoted in Elm, ibid., p. 103.

Jerusalem Post
: FO 371/91628, citing Post article of July 6, 1951, quoted in Elm, ibid., pp. 103–104.

Mossadegh appeal to British technicians: Elm, op. cit., p. 118.

Secret British documents: Elm, op. cit., p. 120.

Throw them to the dogs: Elm, ibid., p. 121.

National Security Council report: NSC 107/2, in
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., pp. 71–76.

Mossadegh letter to Truman:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, ibid., pp. 77–79.

Grady cable:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, ibid., pp. 79–81.

Shepherd wants to get Mossadegh out: FO 371/91582, quoted in Heiss, op. cit., p. 94.

Iranian minister at The Hague:
New York Times
, July 6, 1951.

Truman letter to Mossadegh: Alexander and Nanes, op. cit., pp. 218–219.

Morrison opposes Harriman mission:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., pp. 82–84.

Acheson view of Morrison and Shepherd: Abrams, Rudy,
Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891–1986
(New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 470.

Shepherd opposes Harriman mission:
New York Herald Tribune
, July 13, 1951.

Foreign Office directs Shepherd to apologize: FO 371/91562, cited in Elm, op. cit., pp. 126–127.

Grady should urge Mossadegh to accept Harriman mission:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 88.

Chapter 7: You Do Not Know How Evil They Are

Mossadegh tells Harriman he doesn’t know British: Walters, Vernon A.,
Silent Missions
(New York: Doubleday, 1978), p. 242.

Mossadegh sends grandson to English school: Walters, ibid., p. 253.

Harriman finds Mossadegh rigid and obsessed:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 94.

Harriman’s impression of Mossadegh: Abramson, Rudy, op. cit., p. 472.

Mossadegh on foreign influence, and “Tant pis pour nous”: Walters, op. cit., pp. 251–252.

Walters on Mossadegh’s negotiating style: Walters, ibid., p. 250.

Walters compares Mossadegh to Jimmy Durante: Walters, ibid., p. 248.

Walters’s translations: Walters, ibid., pp. 253–254.

Mossadegh on crafty and evil British: Walters, ibid., p. 247.

Levy colloquy:
New York Times
, October 7, 1951.

Harriman’s failed news conference: Abramson, op. cit., p. 473.

Harriman meets Kashani: Abramson, op. cit., pp. 474–475; and Walters, ibid., p. 255.

Harriman cable on Anglo-Iranian’s absentee management: Abramson, op. cit., p. 476.

Mossadegh agrees to negotiate if British accept nationalization: Abramson, op. cit., p. 476.

Instructions to Stokes: FO 371/91575, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 134.

Mossadegh and Stokes on divorce: FO 371/91577, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 135.

Stokes finds proposals too transparent: FO 371/91578, quoted in Elm, ibid., p. 137.

Stokes visit to Abadan: FO 371/91580, quoted in Elm, ibid., p. 136.

Harriman shocked by conditions at Abadan: Abramson, op. cit., p. 479.

Harriman says lack of British cooperation endangers his mission:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 103.

Harriman’s trips to cool off: Walters, op. cit., p. 257.

Stokes told to offer no further concessions: FO 371/91579, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 141.

The result is nothing:
Newsweek
, September 3, 1951.

Attlee-Truman exchange: Goode, op. cit., p. 43.

Walters recalls a mission unlike any other: Walters, op. cit., p. 263.

Franks says British troops would have a steadying influence: Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, Vol. V, op. cit., pp. 233–237.

Bolton suggests direct intervention: FO 371/91525, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 156.

Shinwell doesn’t want tail twisted: Elm, ibid., p. 157.

British could bring Africans to Abadan: Elm, op. cit., p. 160.

Plans to invade Abadan: Elm, op. cit., pp. 155–168; and Goode, op. cit., p. 33.

Lord Fraser on dumps and doldrums: Elm, op. cit., p. 162.

Gifford tells Acheson of invasion plans:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., pp. 54–55.

Acheson warns Franks against invasion: FO 371/91534, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 158.

Wall Street Journal
laments threats: April 7, 1951.

Philadelphia Inquirer
warns of World War III: August 28, 1951.

Howard K. Smith commentary: May 20, 1951, reported in FO 371/91538, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 159.

Morrison on Mossadegh’s fanaticism: Morrison, Herbert,
An Autobiography
(London: Odhams, 1960), p. 281.

Acheson warns of disastrous consequences: Elm, op. cit., p. 165.

Attlee tells cabinet there will be no invasion: Elm, op. cit., pp. 166–167.

Lambton advises Foreign Office on propaganda lines: Louis article in Gasiorowski and Byrne, op. cit.

Zaehner combines high thought with low living: Louis article, ibid.

Drake on lack of cooperation with Iranians: Interview in
Mossadegh
(video), op. cit.

British prevent foreign oil experts from traveling to Iran: Elm, op. cit., pp. 148–150.

Foreign Office places advertisements: FO 371/91613, with text of ads, quoted in Elm, ibid., p. 146.

Mason intercepts telegrams: Elm, ibid., pp. 146–147.

Acheson on Grady’s strong personality: Acheson, Dean,
Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department
(New York: Norton, 1969), p. 224.

Henderson considers Mossadegh a madman: Heiss, op. cit., p. 180.

Grady warns against giving Iran a forum:
London Daily Standard
, October 15, 1951.

Acheson warns Morrison against U.N. debate:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, op. cit., p. 201.

Gifford on his meeting with Morrison:
Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–1954, Vol. X
, ibid., p. 205.

Chapter 8: An Immensely Shrewd Old Man

Mossadegh is symbol of surging nationalism:
New York Times
, October 9, 1951.

Daily News
on Mossy:
Newsweek
, August 15, 1953.

Mossadegh statement upon arriving in New York:
New York Times
, October 9, 1951.

Newsweek
on Mossadegh: August 15, 1953.

Jebb opening statement to Security Council:
Security Council Official Records
, 559th Meeting, October 1, 1951.

New York Times
on idle Abadan: October 19, 1951.

Jebb urges Mossadegh not to brood:
Security Council Official Records
, 560th Meeting, October 15, 1951.

Mossadegh speech to Security Council:
Security Council Official Records
, ibid.

Mossadegh and Jebb on British-Iranian friendship: Goode, op. cit., p. 57.

McGhee on Liaquat: McGhee, op. cit., p. 93.

Churchill in Liverpool:
London Times
, October 3, 1951.

Second day of Security Council meeting:
Security Council Official Records
, 561st Meeting, October 16, 1951.

Third day:
Security Council Official Records
, 562nd Meeting, October 17, 1951.

Reston column:
New York Times
, October 18, 1951.

Truman received profile of Mossadegh:
White House Declassified Documents
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), Doc. 780.

Adjectives British applied to Mossadegh: Abrahamian article in
Science & Society
, op. cit.

Mossadegh arrival at Union Station: Acheson, op. cit., pp. 503–504.

Mossadegh meets with Truman: Acheson, ibid., p. 504.

New York Times
describes compromise proposal: October 25, 1951.

Strang rejects proposal: FO 371/91609, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 187.

Butler on Britain’s viability: FO 371/91602, quoted in Elm, ibid., p. 188.

Reston says United States intervened too late:
New York Times
, October 18, 1951.

McGhee’s efforts with Mossadegh: McGhee, op. cit., pp. 390–391.

McGhee bids farewell to Mossadegh: McGhee, op. cit., p. 403.

Walters pays final visit to Mossadegh: Walters, op. cit., p. 262.

Egyptian newspapers hail Mossadegh: Elm, p. 193.

Mossadegh and Nahas Pasha issue statement: McGhee, op. cit., p. 404.

Churchill says Attlee had scuttled and run: Dorril, p. 560.

Churchill directs Attlee to be stubborn: FO 371/91609, quoted in Elm, op. cit., p. 189.

Churchill describes Mossadegh as elderly lunatic: Goode, op. cit., pp. 34–35.