A Disease in the Public Mind (51 page)

5
. John Robert Irlean,
The Republic: A History of the United States Administrations, from the Monarchic Early Days to the Present
(Charleston, SC: 2010), 252.

6
. James Madison to Nicholas Trist, December 23, 1832,
Writings of James Madison
, edited by Gaillard Hunt (New York: 1900), Online Library of Liberty,
http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1940&chapter=119243&layout=html&Itemid=27
. Jackson Proclamation, December 10, 1832, Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University.

CHAPTER 10: ANOTHER THOMAS JEFFERSON URGES VIRGINIA TO ABOLISH SLAVERY

1
. Louis P. Mazur,
1831: Year of the Eclipse
(New York: 2001), 51.

2
. Ibid., 50–52.

3
. Ibid., 60.

4
. Avery Craven,
The Coming of the Civil War
(Chicago: 1942), 52–55. Also see John W. Cromwell, “The Aftermath of Nat Turner's Insurrection,”
Journal of Negro History
, vol. 5, no. 2 (April 1920): 223–224.

5
. Craven,
The Coming of the Civil War
, 57.

6
. Cromwell, “The Aftermath,” 225.

7
. The bill to remove free Negroes was indefinitely postponed in the Virginia State Senate and eventually abandoned (Cromwell, “The Aftermath,” 230).

8
.
Richmond Enquirer
, January 28, 1832.

9
. Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, University of Virginia Library, accession no. 8937.

CHAPTER 11: THE ABOLITIONIST WHO LOST HIS FAITH

1
. Robert H. Abzug,
Passionate Liberator: Theodore Dwight Weld and the Dilemma of Reform
(New York: 1980), 1–5.

2
. Gilbert Hobbs Barnes,
The Anti-Slavery Impulse, 1830–1844
, with a new introduction by William C. McLoughlin (New York: 1964), 64–73.

3
. James Brewer Stewart,
Holy Warriors: the Abolitionists and American Slavery
(New York: 1976), 56–58.

4
. Barnes,
The Anti-Slavery Impulse
, chap. 8, “Weld's Agency,” 79–87.

5
. Thomas,
The Liberator
, 130–133.

6
. Stewart,
Holy Warriors
, 72–73. Mobs were active elsewhere, attacking other abolitionists with often lethal fury.

7
. Barnes,
The Anti-Slavery Impulse
, 86–87.

8
. Abzug,
Passionate Liberator
, 150–152.

9
. Ibid., 210–214.

10
. Ibid., 240–241.

CHAPTER 12: ABOLITIONISM DIVIDES AND CONQUERS ITSELF

1
. Barnes,
The Anti-Slavery Impulse
, chap. 9, “Garrisonism,” 88–99. His “hateful self portrait . . . could not have been more ruinous to the abolitionist cause.” Stewart,
Holy Warriors
, 95. Theodore Weld “rejected all factions as self serving and morally bankrupt.”

2
. Whitney Cross,
The Burned Over District: A Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York
(Ithaca: 1950), 300–308. Theodore Weld's wife, Angelina Grimke, was a convert to Millerism. Abzug,
Passionate Liberator
, 228–229.

3
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 358 (Rogers dispute). Morrison,
Harrison Gray Otis
, 474–475.

4
. Thomas,
The Liberator
, 203–205.

5
. Ibid., 206–207. James Stewart contends that Phillips did not become a committed abolitionist until Elijah Lovejoy was murdered. James Brewer Stewart,
Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery
(New York: 1976), 76.

6
. David S. Reynolds,
Waking Giant: America in the Age of Jackson
(New York: 2008), 193–194.

7
. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 227–229.

CHAPTER 13: ENTER OLD MAN ELOQUENT

1
. Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union
(New York: 1956), 334–335.

2
. John Greenleaf Whittier, “Massachusetts to Virginia,”
Bartleby.com
,
English Poetry III: From Tennyson to Whitman
, The Harvard Classics,
http://www.bartleby.com/42/794.html
.

3
. Bemis,
John Quincy Adams
, 336–340.

4
. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, vol. 5, p. 210, Google e-book.

5
. George Wilson Pierson,
Tocqueville and Beaumont in America
(New York: 1938), 418–420.

6
. Letters from John Quincy Adams to Charles Francis Adams, in Bemis,
John Quincy Adams
, 332. For Calhoun's declaration of “slavery as a positive good,” see “A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation,” U.S. Congressional Debates, 1774–1875, Register of Debates, Twenty-fourth Congress, Second Session, 709–710.

7
. Jack Shepherd,
Cannibals of the Heart: A Personal Biography of Louisa Catherine and John Quincy Adams
(New York: 1980), 345–347.

8
. Lynn H. Parsons,
John Quincy Adams
(Madison, WI: 1998), 39. Worthington Chauncey Ford and Charles Francis Adams,
John Quincy Adams
(Cambridge: 1902), 110. Also see Joseph Wheelan,
Mr. Adams's Last Crusade
(New York: 2008), 110.

9
. James Buchanan,
The Works of James Buchanan
, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: 1908), 202.

10
. “A Century of Lawmaking,” 1313–1314.

11
. Ibid., 1587–1588.

12
. Davis,
Inhuman Bondage
, 16–26.

13
. John Dryden,
Absalom and Achitophel
.

14
. Bemis,
John Quincy Adams
, 427–439.

15
. Gilbert Barnes and Dwight Dumond, eds.,
Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimke and Sarah Grimke, 1822–1844
, vol. 2 (New York: 1934), 905.

16
. Martin Duberman,
Charles Francis Adams
(Palo Alto, CA: 1960), 84.

17
. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, vol. 12, p. 116.

CHAPTER 14: THE SLAVE PATROLS

1
. Sally E. Hadden,
Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas
(Cambridge, MA: 2001), 41–70. This superb book is the first time slave patrols have received the detailed attention necessary for an understanding of how southern slavery affected daily life.

2
. Ibid., 78.

3
. Ibid., 138.

CHAPTER 15: THE TROUBLE WITH TEXAS

1
. Reynolds,
Waking Giant
, 356–357.

2
. Bemis,
John Quincy Adams
, 354.

3
. Reynolds,
Waking Giant
, 116–118.

4
. Bemis,
John Quincy Adams
, 353–354.

5
. David Brion Davis,
The Slave Power Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style
(Baton Rouge: 1969), 16–18.

6
. Bemis,
John Quincy Adams
, 356–357.

7
. Ibid., 369–370.

8
. Ibid., 465.

9
. Robert Seager,
And Tyler Too
(New York: 1963), 209–242.

10
. Bemis,
John Quincy Adams
, 466–468.

11
. Ibid., 471–472.

12
. Edward P. Crapol,
John Tyler: The Accidental President
(Chapel Hill, NC: 2006), 220.

13
. Bemis,
John Quincy Adams
, 473, 478.

14
. Matthew F. Steele,
American Campaigns
, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: 1922), 81.

15
. Kevin Dougherty,
Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience
(Jackson, MS: 2007), 15.

16
. Robert Johanssen,
To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination
(New York: 1988), 217–218.

17
. Freeman,
R. E. Lee
, 237–248.

18
. Ibid., 272.

19
. Ibid., 294.

20
. John C. Morone,
Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History
(New Haven, CT: 2003), 203.

21
. Allen C. Guelzo,
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America
(New York: 2004), 24. Also see Eric Foner,
The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery
(New York: 2010), 57–59.

CHAPTER 16: SLAVE POWER PARANOIA

1
. Morone,
Hellfire Nation
, 145ff (the slaveholders's sins). Davis,
The Slave Power Conspiracy
, 30–31.

2
. Arkin, “The Federalist Trope,” 94.

3
. Davis,
The Slave Power Conspiracy
, 53.

4
. Charles Sumner,
The Works of Charles Sumner
(Boston: 1875), 64.

5
. Davis,
The Slave Power Conspiracy
, 62.

6
. Joel Williamson,
New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States
(New York: 1984), 24–26.

7
. Drew Gilpin Faust,
James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery
(Baton Rouge, LA: 1982), 86–87, 311–317.

8
. Robert E. May,
The South's Dream of a Caribbean Empire
(Baton Rouge, LA: 1973). May recounts how widespread this idea was in the 1850s. Even some northern newspapers backed the proposal. There were several failed attempts to conquer Cuba and parts of Central America by military adventurers financed by Southerners.

9
. David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
, completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: 1976), 90–95.

10
. Ibid., 105–120. The chapter on this subject is aptly titled: “The Armistice of 1850”—what it soon turned out to be.

11
. Craven,
The Coming of the Civil War
, 303–308. In Alabama, the Union party won a two-to-one majority in the legislature.

12
. Renehan,
The Secret Six
, 65–72. Mayer,
All on Fire
, 440–442.

CHAPTER 17: FROM UNCLE TOM TO JOHN BROWN

1
. Thomas F. Gossett,
Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture
(Dallas, TX: 1985), 100–106.

2
. Ibid., 106–107.

3
. Ibid., 95.

4
. Harriet Beecher Stowe,
Uncle Tom's Cabin
(New York: 1986), 613–617.

5
. Gossett,
Uncle Tom's Cabin
, 167.

6
. Louis Menand,
The Metaphysical Club
(New York: 2001), 97–101.

7
. Ibid., 102–105.

8
. Ibid., 129.

9
. “The Southern System of Labor,”
Charleston Mercury
, January 17, 1856, 2, reprinted from the New Orleans
Delta
.

10
. Davis,
Inhuman Bondage
, 283–284.

11
. Ibid., 227, 285–286.

12
.
Charleston Mercury
, February 16, 1856, 2, reprinted from the New Orleans
Picayune.

13
. Davis,
Inhuman Bondage
, 285.

14
. Craven,
The Coming of the Civil War
, 325–344.

15
. Villard,
John Brown
, chap. 1, “The Moulding of the Man.”

16
. Ibid., 78. This myth was still alive in 1909 when Villard published this biography. The “wastefulness and short-sightedness” of the South's methods of cotton culture and the “uneconomic and shiftless character of slave labor itself” made “the appetite for virgin lands insatiable.”

17
. Ibid., 92.

18
. Reynolds,
John Brown
, 156–157.

19
. Villard,
John Brown
, 151–167.

CHAPTER 18: THE REAL UNCLE TOM AND THE UNKNOWN SOUTH HE HELPED CREATE

1
. Gossett,
Uncle Tom's Cabin
, 107–109.

2
. Josiah Henson,
Father Henson's Story of His Life, with an Introduction by Mrs. H. B. Stowe
(Boston: 1858), 1–24.

3
. Ibid., 25–54.

4
. Ibid., 197. For the interview with the archbishop, see 135ff.

5
. Robert Willliam Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman,
Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery
(Boston, MA: 1974), 200–201.

6
. Ibid., 77.

7
. Ibid., 38–39, 152.