The New Middle East (76 page)

 
  
2
   Bret Stephens, ‘Remember Bashar Assad, “Reformer”?’,
Wall Street Journal
, 23 July 2012.

 
  
3
   Liam Stack, ‘Video of Tortured Boy’s Corpse Deepens Anger in Syria’,
New York Times
, 30 May 2011.

 
  
4
   I have changed Zubaida’s real name to protect her identity.

 
  
5
   I have changed Ahmed’s real name to protect his identity.

 
  
6
   The 8th International Institute for Strategic Studies Regional Security Summit, ‘The Manama Dialogue, Second Plenary Session – Questions and Answer Session’, 8 December 2012.

 
  
7
   United Nations, ‘Secretary-General’s remarks at Memorial Centre in Srebrenica’, 26 July 2012.

 
  
8
   Tim Arango, ‘Turkish Public Sours on Syrian Uprising’,
New York Times
, 18 September 2012.

 
  
9
   Ole Solvang and Anna Neistat, ‘Death From the Skies’, Human Rights Watch, 11 April 2013.

 
10
   www.mccain.senate.gov//files/22/62/f2262/public/index, ‘Remarks by Senator John McCain on the Situation in Syria on the Floor of the U.S. Senate’
,
5 March 2012.

 
11
   Disney Syria, ‘Disney Syria a new project that is about to be signed’,
welcometosyria.net.

 
12
   Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘Statement by the President on Syria’, 4 February 2012.

 
13
   Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘Statement by President Obama on Syria’,
18 August 2011.

 
14
   Office of the Secretary, The White House, ‘Remarks by President Obama and His Majesty King Abdullah II of Jordan in Joint Press Conference’, 22 March 2013.

 
15
   Phil Stewart, ‘US efforts on Iran not working, Syria planning underway: Mattis’, Reuters, 5 March 2013.

 
16
   Senior State Department Officials, ‘Background Briefing on Syria’, US Department of State, 6 December 2011.

 
17
   US Department of State, ‘Interview With Kim Ghattas of BBC’, 26 February 2012.

 
18
   Reuters, ‘Obama blocked US plan to arm Syrian rebels’,
Guardian
, Friday 8 February 2012.

 
19
   Adam Entous, ‘Inside Obama’s Syria Debate’,
Wall Street Journal
, 29 March 2013.

 
20
   David Kenner, ‘Syria Is Already More Violent Than Iraq’,
Foreign Policy
, 20 March 2013.

 
21
   SANA, ‘President al-Assad: It Is No Longer Possible for the Regional and International Parties Seeking to Destabilize Syria to Forge Facts and the Events’, January 2012.

 
22
   Clare Hollingworth,
The Arabs and the West
, Methuen & Co Ltd, London, 1952, p. 6.

 
23
   James Barr,
A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914–1948
, Kindle edition, W.W. Norton & Company, p. 3.

 
24
   Encyclopedia Britannica online.

 
25
   Daniel Pipes,
Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990, p. 175.

 
26
   Al-Bab.com, ‘The Taif Accord approved on November 4 1989’.

 
27
   Leon Goldsmith, ‘Alawites for Assad’,
Foreign Affairs
, 16 April 2012.

 
28
   Patrick Seale,
Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
, University of California Press, London, 1989, p. 328.

 
29
   I have changed Neda’s real name to protect her identity even though she was willing for me to use it. I have decided not to because at the time of writing she is still in Syria.

 
30
   Edmund Blair and Yasmine Saleh, ‘Syrian opposition rifts give world excuse not to act’
,
Reuters, 4 July 2012.

 
31
   Brian Fishman, ‘The Evidence of Jihadist Activity in Syria’, Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, 22 May 2012.

 
32
   Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard,
Armed Conflict in Syria: U.S. and International Response
, Congressional Research Service, 21 August 2012, p. 8.

 
33
   Reuters, ‘Iraqi al-Qaeda wing says Nusra Front is its Syria branch: SITE group’, 9 April 2013.

 
34
   Michael Peel, ‘Syrian Jihadist Pledge Fealty to al-Qaeda’,
Financial Times
, 10 April 2013.

 
35
   Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘Remarks by the President to White House Press Corps’
,
20 August 2012.

 
36
   Miguel E. Rodriguez, assistant to the President, Letter to the Honorable John McCain, 25 April 2013.

 
37
   United Nations Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic’, 15 August 2012, p. 71.

 
38
   Ibid., p. 65.

 
39
   Thomas Grove and Erika Solomon, ‘Russia boosts arms sales to Syria despite world pressure’, Reuters, 21 February 2012.

 
40
   Ruslan Pukhov, ‘Why Russia is backing Syria’,
New York Times
, Opinion Pages,
6 July 2012.

 
41
   Ian Black, ‘Syrian Regime Accused Of New Massacre’, Guardian, 22 April 2013.

 
42
   Louis Charnonneau, ‘Syria Mediator Brahimi Says Not Resigning Post But Considers It Daily’, Reuters, 19 April 2013.

 
43
   BBC News, ‘Syria in civil war, Red Cross says’
,
15 July 2012.

 
44
   BBC News, ‘Syria Conflict: Aleppo shootings by rebels condemned’,
1 August 2012; Stephanie Nebehay, ‘Syrian government forces, rebels committing war crimes: U.N.’, Reuters, 15 August 2012.

 
45
   Paul Wood, ‘Syria: Islamist Nusra Front gives BBC exclusive interview’, BBC News, 17 January 2013.

 
46
   Ian Pannell, ‘Aleppo’s winter of discontent’, BBC News, 12 December 2012

 
47
   Borzou Daragahi, ‘Libya helps bankroll Syrian Opposition’,
Financial Times
, 5 November 2012.

 
48
   Hillary Rodham Clinton, ‘Remarks with Croatian President Ivo Josipovic after their meeting’,
US Department of State, 31 October 2012.

 
49
   Matt Spetalnick, ‘Obama: U.S. now recognizes Syrian opposition coalition’,
Reuters, 12 December 2012.

 
50
   Hearing: ‘Crisis in Syria: The U.S. Response’, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 9:45 am, 20 March 2013.

 
51
   Briefing to the Security Council by Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab States for Syria, 19 April 2013.

 
52
   Save the Children, ‘Half of Syria’s one million refugees are Children’, 6 March 2013.

 
53
   Save the Children, ‘Untold Atrocities: The Stories of Syria’s Children’, 25 September, 2012.

 
54
   Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, ‘Remarks by President Obama and His Majesty King Abdullah II of Jordan in Joint Press Conference’, 22 March 2013.

 
55
   Lauren Wolfe, ‘Syria Has a Massive Rape Crisis’,
The Atlantic
, 3 April 2013.

 
56
   BBC News, ‘Syria Crisis: Bashar al-Assad Says West Will “Pay Price”’, 17 April 2013.

 
57
   U.S. Department of State, ‘Remarks With Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr After Their Meeting’, 18 March 2013.

 
58
   U.S. Department of State, ‘Remarks With Qatari Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani After Their Meeting’, 5 March 2013.