The Mob and the City (50 page)

32
. Caroline F. Ware, “Ethnic Communities,” in Edwin R. Seligman, ed.,
Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
, vol. 5 (New York: Macmillan, 1937), p. 24.

33
. David Roediger,
Working toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journey from Ellis Island to the Suburbs
(New York: Basic, 2005), pp. 24, 82.

34
. Joselit,
Our Gang
, p. 106.

35
. Reuter, “The Cartage Industry,” pp. 151–52; Critchley,
Origin of Organized Crime
, p. 77.

36
. Sonny Montella, quoted in President's Commission on Organized Crime,
The Edge: Organized Crime, Business, and Labor Unions
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1986), p. 39.

37
. Federal Writers’ Project,
Italians of New York
, pp. 65–66; Ronald Goldstock, Director, and James B. Jacobs, Principal Draftsman,
Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry: Final Report
(New York: New York University Press, 1990), pp. 79–85.

38
. See also chapter 6.

39
.
Improper Activities
, 6752 (testimony of John Montesano).

40
. Peter Reuter, “Cartage Industry,” pp. 151–52.

41
. Federal Writers’ Project,
Italians of New York
, pp. 174–76; Peter Mass,
Underboss: Sammy the Bull Gravano's Story of Life in the Mafia
(New York: HarperCollins, 1997), pp. 75, 115.

42
.
New York Times
, February 9, 1921;
Final Report of the Joint Legislative Committee on Housing
(Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1923), pp. 9–12; Goldstock and Jacobs,
Construction Industry
, pp. 79–85.

43
. John Dioguardi, quoted in Ovid Demaris,
The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of Jimmy Fratianno
(New York: Times Books, 1981), p. 81.

44
. Daniel Tobin, quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.,
The Coming of the New Deal, 1933–1935
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1958), p. 411.

45
. David Witwer,
Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union
(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), pp. 82–84, 119–20, 163–64.

46
. Roy Williams, quoted in President's Commission on Organized Crime,
The Edge: Organized Crime, Business, and Labor Unions
, p. 83.

47
. 29 U.S.C. §§ 151–69.

48
. New York Department of Labor,
Trade Union Statistics
(Albany: n.p., 1909), p. xxxvi; Joshua B. Freeman,
Working-Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II
(New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 41, 350.

49
. Mediation Conference, Bush Terminal and BSEU Local 51B, November 5, 1934, in Box 9, Region II, New York, Case Files and Transcripts, 1933–35, Record Group 25 (NARA College Park); Mediation Conference, Case: Real Estate Board and BSEU Local 32B, October 17, 1934, and Case: Garment Center Building Owners #1093 and BSEU Local 32B, November 7, 1934, both in Box 22, RG 25 (NARA College Park); FBI Report, Anthony Carfano, June 18, 1958, in FBI FOIA File of Anthony Carfano (copy in possession of author).

50
. Notice of complaint by Teamsters Local 202, Re: Blackford's, from Regional Labor Board, December 5, 1934, in Box 5, RG 25 (NARA College Park); Agreement with Teamsters Local 202, January 10, 1934, in Box 26, RG 25 (NARA College Park);
New York Sun
, January 8, 1941.

51
. Report of Teamsters Strikes, Local 138, October 25, 1933, and Labor Board filing of Flour Truckmen's Association, December 20, 1933, both in Box 59, RG 25 (NARA College Park).

52
. James B. Jacobs,
Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement
(New York: New York University Press, 2006), pp. 99–106; David Witwer,
Shadow of the Racketeer: Scandal in Organized Labor
(Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009), pp. 53–57, 223–26.

53
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi: Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Affairs
, Senate, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (1988), 236 (testimony of Vincent Cafaro); Jacobs,
Mobsters
, pp. 2, 24.

54
. Stier, Anderson, and Malone, LLC,
The Teamsters: Perception and Reality
(Washington, DC: International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 2001), p. 151.

55
. Trial transcript of
United States v. Campagna
, Cr. No. 114-101 (S.D.N.Y. 1943), quoted in Witwer,
Shadow of the Racketeer
, pp. 45, 268 n. 33.

56
. FBI Office Memorandum, Criminal Rackets Activities, Los Angeles Division, March 27, 1957, in RG (NARA College Park); Demaris,
Last Mafioso
, pp. 81–82.

57
. Howard Kimeldorf,
Reds or Rackets? The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront
(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 43–45.

58
. Interview with Thomas E. Dewey (1966), pp. 383–84, in Columbia Center for Oral History.

59
. Interview with Sam Madell, 1977, in Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York, NY;
Public Hearings (No. 5) Conducted by the New York State Crime Commission Pursuant to the Governor's Executive Orders
(Albany, NY: n.p., 1953) (testimony of Marcy Protter), cited in Nathan Ward,
Dark Harbor: The War for the New York Waterfront
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), pp. 3–18, 225. Thanks to Nathan Ward for discussing sources with me.

60
.
Brooklyn Eagle
, May 4, 1940;
PM
, October 15, 1940;
Public Hearings (no. 5)
(testimony of Protter).

61
.
Brooklyn Eagle
, May 4, 1940;
Public Hearings (no. 5)
(testimony of Protter).

62
.
Brooklyn Eagle
, March 27, 1940.

63
. Ibid.;
Public Hearings (no. 5)
(testimony of Protter).

64
. Statement of Albert Tannenbaum in
Public Hearings (no. 5)
(testimony of E. A. Heffernan).

65
.
Public Hearings (no. 5)
(testimony of Protter); FBI Report, William O'Dwyer, February 16, 1953, in FBI FOIA File on William O'Dwyer (copy in possession of author);
Amsterdam Evening Recorder
, March 26, 1940;
Brooklyn Eagle
, March 27, 1940.

66
. Statement of Tannenbaum in
Public Hearings (no. 5)
;
New York Times
, December 3, 1941.

67
.
Brooklyn Eagle
, January 30, 1941.

68
.
PM
, October 10, 1940;
Brooklyn Eagle
, October 10, 1940.

69
.
PM
, October 15, 1940.

70
.
Brooklyn Eagle
, January 30, 1941, October 21, 1941;
New York Times
, February 7, 1941, November 13, 1941.

71
.
United States v. Lanza
, 85 F.2d 544 (2d Cir. 1936).

72
.
New York Sun
, April 10, 1931;
New York Times
, October 11, 1968.

73
.
New York Times
, May 13, 1926.

74
.
New York Times
, September 2, 1926;
New York Sun
, September 7, 1926.

75
.
New York Sun
, June 3,1935, December 3, 1935.

76
.
United States v. Lanza
, 85 F.2d at 545.

77
. Ibid. at 545–46.

78
. Ibid.

79
. Ibid.

80
.
United States v. Joseph Lanza, et. al.
, Case No. 382 (S.D.N.Y. 1935) (testimony of Waldman), in RG 276, Courts of Appeal, National Archives and Records Administration, New York, NY (hereafter “NARA New York”).

81
.
United States v. Lanza, et. al.
, RG 276 (NARA New York) (testimony of Seif).

82
. Ibid. (testimony of O'Neil);
United States v. Lanza
, 85 F.2d at 546.

83
.
United States v. Lanza, et. al.
, RG 276 (NARA New York) (testimony of Waldman).

84
. Joselit,
Our Gang
, pp. 108–10, 147–48.

85
.
New York Times
, October 28, 1936, November 9, 1936.

86
.
New York Times
, April 8, 1941, November 30, 1941, December 3, 1941.

87
. See chapter 3.

88
. Witwer,
Teamsters Union
, pp. 92–93, 260.

89
.
Organized Crime: 25 Years after Valachi
, 277 (testimony of Valachi).

90
.
New York Times
, October 12, 1951.

91
.
Brooklyn Eagle
, November 21, 1950, April 26, 1954;
Albany Knickerbocker News
, February 15, 1951;
Long Island Star-Journal
, May 3, 1954;
People against Benedict Macri
, Case No. 1405-49 (N.Y. Ct. Gen. Sess. 1951) (testimonies of Leo Greenberg, George Prince, and Edward Cohen), in Box 1, Collection No. 5780/170, International Ladies Garment Workers Union Papers, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (hereafter “KC”).

92
.
People against Macri
(KC) (testimonies of Edward Cohen, Loreto Quintiliano, and Benedict Macri).

93
.
New York Times
, May 13, 1949, May 19, 1949;
Brooklyn Eagle
, June 19, 1950.

94
.
Brooklyn Eagle
, June 19, 1950;
New York Times
, December 10, 1952;
Long Island Star-Journal
, December 10, 1952.

95
.
People against Macri
(testimonies of Samuel Blumenthal and Edward Weinberg) (KC).

96
. Ibid. (statement of Judge Streit) (KC).

97
.
New York Times
, March 4, 1952, March 8, 1952, December 13, 1952.

98
.
Long Island Star-Journal
, January 13, 1953, May 3, 1954, October 26, 1957.