The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (126 page)

139.
Ibid
.

140.
Childers,
Framework
, p. 148.

141.
Mss Donoughmore K/27/10: C. H. Clarke to Donoughmore, 27 November 1908; Bew,
Conflict
, p. 82.

142.
T. Garvin
,
Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland 1858–1928
(Oxford, 1987), p. 2.

143.
Ibid
., p. 79.

144.
M. Wheatley
, ‘John Redmond and Federalism in 1910’,
Irish Historical Studies
,
32
, 27 (2001), 354–63.

145.
Childers,
Framework
, p. 104.

146.
See Sir Gilbert Parker, ‘Home Rule and the Colonial Analogy’ (n. d.), copy in Mss Donoughmore K/27/15.

147.
P. Buckland, ‘The Southern Irish Unionists, the Irish Question and British Politics 1906–1914’, in A. O’Day (ed.),
Reactions to Irish Nationalism
(1987), p. 381.

148.
See
A. Jackson
,
The Ulster Party
(Oxford, 1989).

149.
P. Jalland
,
The Liberals and Ireland
(Brighton, 1980), p. 115.

150.
N. Blewett,
The Peers, the Parties and the People: The General Elections of 1910
(1972), p. 407.

Chapter 8

1.
D. French,
British Economic and Strategic Planning 1905–1915
(1982), p. 27.

2.
For the best recent study, see
A. Offer
,
The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation
(Oxford, 1989).

3.
The best account is N. Stone,
The Eastern Front 1914–1917
(1975).

4.
See B. Millman,
Pessimism and British War Policy, 1914–1918
(2001), pp. 12ff.

5.
The best recent study is
D. French
,
The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition 1916–1918
(Oxford, 1995).

6.
Bodl. Mss Milner 355: Milner to Lloyd George, 20 March 1918.

7.
C. E. Callwell,
Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries
, 2 vols. (1927), vol. II, p. 76.

8.
Bodl. Mss Milner 355: Milner to Wilson, 8 April 1918.

9.
Callwell,
Wilson
, vol. II, p. 90.

10.
Burton J. Hendrick,
The Life and Letters of Walter Hines Page
(1924), p. 391 (10 June 1918).

11.
Bodl. Mss Milner (Additional) c696: Milner to Lloyd George, 9 June 1918.

12.
Ibid
.

13.
Grey to Cambon, 16 May 1916, conveniently reprinted in
W. Laqueur
(ed.),
The Israel–Arab Reader
(3rd edn, New York, 1976), p. 13.

14.
D. Vital
,
A People Apart: The Jews in Europe 1789–1939
(Oxford, 1999), pp. 688–92; A. Verrier (ed.),
Agents of Empire
(1995), p. 210.

15.
French,
Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition
, p. 192.

16.
Millman,
Pessimism
, p. 208.

17.
J. Darwin,
Britain, Egypt and the Middle East
(1981), p. 156.

18.
Ibid
.

19.
Ibid
., p. 158.

20.
For British anxieties, see
W. B. Fowler
,
British–American Relations 1917–1918: The Role of Sir William Wiseman
(Princeton, 1969).

21.
Fowler,
British–American Relations
, pp. 224–5.

22.
E. Johnson
(ed.),
Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes, vol. XVI, Activities 1914–1919, the Treasury and Versailles
(Cambridge, 1971), p. 23: Keynes’ article in the
Morning Post
, 11 August 1914.

23.
Ibid
., vol. XVI,
Activities
, pp. 110–11.

24.
Ibid
., p. 125.

25.
Ibid
., pp. 185ff.

26.
J. Wormell,
The Management of the National Debt of the United Kingdom 1900–1932
(2000), p. 243; Johnson,
Collected Works
, vol. XVI,
Activities
, p. 224.

27.
Ibid
., p. 244.

28.
Ibid
., p. 250.

29.
Ibid
., p. 268: Keynes to his mother, 24 December 1917.

30.
By April 1917, the United States was an international creditor. See
D. Kennedy
,
Over Here: The First World War and American Society
(New York, 1980), p. 306.

31.
Exports and re-exports in 1919, £385 million; 1913, £634 million. Both in 1913 prices. See A. W. Kirkcaldy (ed.),
British Finance during and after the War 1914–1921
(1921), pp. 364–8.

32.
See
R. Miller
, ‘British Trade with Latin America 1870–1950’, in
P. Mathias
and
J. A. Davis
(eds.),
International Trade and British Economic Growth from the 18th Century to the Present Day
(Oxford, 1996), p. 137.

33.
Kennedy,
Over Here
, p. 325.

34.
Ibid
., p. 322.

35.
Wormell,
National Debt
, p. 382.

36.
Ibid
., p. 151.

37.
Johnson,
Collected Works
, vol. XVI,
Activities
, p. 418.

38.
Total government debt 1913: £625 million; 1920: £7809 million. See
B. R. Mitchell
,
Abstract of British Historical Statistics
(Cambridge, 1971), p. 403.

39.
Wormell,
National Debt
, p. 151.

40.
Mitchell,
Abstract
, pp. 334–35.

41.
Ibid
., p. 476.

42.
Ibid
., p. 491.

43.
Wormell,
National Debt
, p. 299.

44.
Bodl. Mss Robert Brand, Box 8: P. Duncan to Robert Brand, 8 February 1917.

45.
Wormell,
National Debt
, p. 296.

46.
Mss Robert Brand, Box 5B: R. Brand to E. S. Montagu, 18 July 1916.

47.
Mss Robert Brand, Box 9: Note (n.d.) by Robert Brand.

48.
Wormell,
National Debt
, pp. 151, 288.

49.
PP 1917–18, XXIV, p. 12: Financial Statement by Finance Member, Government of India, 1 March 1917.

50.
B. R. Tomlinson,
The Political Economy of the Raj 1914–1947
(1979), pp. 106–7.

51.
PP 1917–18, XXIV, p. 101: Indian Legislative Council Proceedings, 7 March 1917.

52.
Tomlinson,
Political Economy
, p. 109.

53.
PP 1919, XXXVII, p. 4: Statement by Finance Member, 1 March 1919.

54.
Kennedy,
Over Here
, p. 332.

55.
Ibid
., p. 99.

56.
Ibid
., p. 341.

57.
Ibid
., p. 342.

58.
H. Strachan
,
The First World War
, vol. 1,
To Arms
(Oxford, 2001), p. 965.

59.
Strachan,
First World War
, p. 908.

60.
See
J. M. Atkin
, ‘Official Regulation of British Overseas Investment 1918–1931’,
Economic History Review
, 2nd series,
23
(1970).

61.
R. Michie
,
The London Stock Exchange
(Oxford, 1999), p. 181.

62.
Ibid
., p. 173.

63.
Mss Robert Brand 26: Notes for a Speech/Article on Anglo-Canadian Relations, ?1913.

64.
The argument advanced by Ramsay MacDonald. See D. Marquand,
Ramsay MacDonald
(1977), p. 167.

65.
See A. M. Gollin,
Proconsul in Politics
(1964), for the best discussion of this group.

66.
J. M. McEwen (ed.),
The Riddell Diaries 1908–23
(1986), p. 186.

67.
Ibid
., p. 219.

68.
For a contemporary study of pre-war conditions, see J. Orr,
Report on Agriculture in Berkshire
(1916).

69.
Mss Milner (Additional) c696: Milner to Lloyd George, 6 September 1918.

70.
BLIOC, Curzon Papers, Mss Eur. F 112/122: Milner to Curzon, 23 January 1918.

71.
C. Wrigley
,
Arthur Henderson
(Cardiff, 1990), p. 113; Marquand,
Ramsay MacDonald
, p. 217.

72.
D. Lloyd George,
War Memoirs
, 2 vols. (1936), vol. II, pp. 1595ff.

73.
By comparison, 27 per cent of British adult males served overseas, 50 per cent were casualties, and over 900,000 were killed.

74.
Documents on Canadian External Relations
, vol. I,
1909–1918
(Ottawa, 1967), pp. 93–4: Prime Minister to Assistant High Commissioner, 30 October 1915.

75.
Ibid
., p. 104: Prime Minister to Assistant High Commissioner, 4 January 1916.

76.
Ibid
., p. 115: Borden to Perley, 24 February 1916.

77.
A. F. Madden
and
J. Darwin
(eds.),
Select Documents in the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth
, vol. VI,
The Dominions and India since 1900
(Westport, CT, 1993), p. 42.

78.
Mss Milner 361: Draft Report of Committee of Prime Ministers, 20 August 1918.

79.
Ibid
.

80.
Documents on Canadian External Relations
, vol. I, p. 218: Borden to Lloyd George, 29 October 1918;
ibid
., p. 220: Hughes to Borden, 10 November 1918.

81.
National Archives of Canada, J. W. Dafoe Papers, M-73 (microfilm): Wilfrid Laurier to J. Dafoe, 8 November 1912.

82.
D. Morton
, ‘Providing and Consuming Security in Canada's Century’,
Canadian Historical Review
,
81
, 1 (2000), 11; this compared with some 18 per cent in its counterpart, the Australian Imperial Force.

83.
See speech, 12 January 1910, National Archives of Canada, Borden Mss, C-412 (microfilm).

84.
National Archives of Canada, Dafoe Papers, M-73: Sifton to Dafoe, 21 September 1914.

85.
M. Westley
,
Remembrance of Grandeur: The Anglo-Protestant Elite of Montreal 1900–1950
(Montreal, 1990), pp. 112ff.

86.
J. M. Bliss
, ‘The Methodist Church and World War One’, in
C. Berger
(ed.),
Conscription 1917
(Toronto, 1970), p. 40.