Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender and Pluralism (67 page)

corporatism and 3, 81–2

Islamic response to 298, 331

see also
capitalism government of Islam

al-Afghani’s influence 290

classical and medieval 294–5 democratic and pluralist development

absence of, and violence 300 consultation (
shura
) and Divine

governance 293–4, 296–8, 301, 302–3

imperialist colonialism and 289 religious authority and historical

precedence 292–4

Western attitude to 291–2, 298

Muslim Brotherhood 290–1

Prophetic and Rightly Guided Caliphate 286–8

radical view 299–300

Wahhabi movement 289–90

Graham, Franklin 261 Green, Michael viii Gunaratna, Rohan 322

hadd
punishments and homosexuality 216–19 Haddad, Yvonne 262

hadith
56

Adh al-Hadith
60, 76 (102) relating to homosexuality 220–2

Qur’anic interpretation and 213–15, 218 religious authority and 122–3

Sahih Bukhari
168

relating to woman’s creation 247 (25)

Hanafi tradition 49, 53

marriage laws 168, 170, 172, 176 punishment for homosexuality 217
see also
Sunni Muslims

Hanbali tradition 76 (102), 177

punishment for homosexuality 217–18

see also
Sunni Muslims al-Haqq, Siraj ix, 190

al-Haqq, General, Zia 225 Hartford Seminary 259

Hassan, Riffat 247 (25) hatred and bigotry 36
Al-Hayat
291

Hellenistic influence 104–5

heretics
see
infidels

heritage
see
traditional religious institutions Hermansen, Marcia viii, 306

al-Hibri, Azizah

on women’s marital rights 164, 175–6, 179,

182

Progressive critique on 181

hijab see
veiling

history, Islamic, books on 334–5

Hizb-e Tahrir movement 313–14, 320, 321 Holy Sites
see
Jerusalem; Mecca; Medina Holy texts
see
Qur’an, analyses; Qur’anic

references; texts

homosexuality books on 338–9

fundamentalism and punishment 225

Lut’s story, analyses

classical, transgression and anal sex 204–5 ethical principles implicit in 224–5 juridical punishment based on 215–19,

222–4

semantic, transgression and alienation from God 205–7

thematic, sexuality and ethics 209–15 modern and pre-modern understanding

198–9

Muhammad’s exemplary conduct 219–22 Qur’anic reference to diversity 193, 194–7,

200–3

see also
sexuality “homosexuality”, the term 199 honor killings 184 (5)

House of Wisdom
(Bayt al-hikma)
257 human agency 21–2, 67 (38), 106, 167

knowledge and 112, 119–20

human constructs and religious authority 114–20

human experience

religious authority and 122–3

revelation and text fundamentalism 123–6 sexuality-sensitive interpretation 203–4

human knowledge

consultation (
shura
) and 288, 293–4 Islamization of knowledge movement 312 religious authority and 112, 119–20

human rights and pluralism 329–30 human rights organizations 339 Husayn b. Ali, King 74 (94) Hussain, Amir, viii 251

Ibn Dawud al-Zahiri 230 (25)

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad 76 (102), 171

Ibn Humaydi 71 (66)

Ibn Taymiyya 52, 56

Ibrahim, Sa‘ad Eddin 4–5, 144 (29) identity
see
ethnicity and American Muslim

identity

identity Islam, roots of 310

ijtihad
8

Ikhwan al-Muslimin
309

imams,
American immigrant 272–3 imitation (
taqlid
) 69 (49)

Wahhabism and 52

immigrant and African-American Muslims 270–1

ethnic divide 278–9

experiential differences 279–82

history of 275–8

identity and
taqwa
274–5 Progressive view 282–3

public representation and 272–4 imperialism
see
colonialism and imperialism
In Search of Islamic Feminism
(quoted) 156

India 266

Indonesia 265 infidels (
kafirs
)

“
kafir
”
,
the term 266 Wahhabism and 50, 52 youth culture and 313

injustice
see
justice; violence; vulgarization of Islam

intellectual heritage
see
traditional religious institutions

interfaith dialogue
see
pluralism internationalist revivalism
see
young Muslims interpersonal ethic 13–14

Iqbal, Muhammad 111

Iran 4, 152, 218, 242, 323

Iraq 4, 48

Baghdad 257

Irfani, Suroosh 79 Islam

apologetics and slogans 20–6 books on

Clash of Civilizations
debate 64 (10)

foundational sources 333–4

gender 335

history 334–5

Islam and the modern world 336 Islamic influences on Europe 67 (32)

Islamophobic 64 (9)

literature 336

Progressive Muslim thought 337–8 September 11, and beyond 338 spirituality and Sufism 335 Wahhabism 69 (53)

women and seclusion 75 (101) definitions

as civilization 102–6

as civilizational project in progress 108–10 cultural 100–2

five pillars formula 107–8

multiplicity of human construct 114–20 religious 98–100

female mystic view of 238

history and interfaith dialogue 252–5 Christian and Jewish contact 257 conversion and 255–6

Progressive view

global and environmental issues 331–2 Islam Without Borders 327–8

Muslim isolation and 325–7 sexual life and 190, 192–4

“Islam”, the term 95 (22)

Islam in Modern History
260

Islam Without Borders (
Islam bi la Hudud
) 327–8

Islamic Forum
(quoted) 313, 314, 315 Islamic law

colonialism and 68 (48) Rida’s Salafism and 56

and the state 46–8

see also
jurisprudence;
Shari‘ah

“Islamism”, the term 304 (2)

Islamization of knowledge movement 312 Ismailis 108

isolation
see
oppositional dialectics Israeli–Palestinian relations 94 (19), 164–5

non-dialectic strategy and 328–30

al-Jahiz, ‘Amr 113

al-Jalal al-San‘ani 55

Jama‘at Islami movement 309 Jamel, Amreen 206–7

Jarr al-Thaqil
(quoted) 193, 196

Jeenah, Naeem 85–7 Jerusalem, ‘Umar’s visit 256–7 Jewish communities

Israeli policies, opposition of 329 North American 259

response to September 11 262–3 and interfaith dialogue 264–5
see also
Judaism

Jihad 48

“
jihad
”, the term 8

jihad, ashgar
(lesser) and
akbar
(greater) 83 Judaism

as way of life 99 sexual life 192

see also
Jewish communities jurisprudence

democracy and application of
tawhid
303 patriarchal reading of texts 239–41 punishments for homosexuality 215–19, 220,

222–4

see also
Islamic law; marriage and jurisprudence

jurists

ethnicity 63 (4) modernity, effect upon 46 Salafism and 55, 56, 60

Wahhabism and 52, 53, 56 justice

‘
adl
in relation to freewill 28 (14) gender 10–11, 330–1

books on 335

God’s covenant and failure of 39–40 message of 256

reification process and 121 social 9–10

Sufi teaching 238–9

uncritiqued “peace” and 25–6, 81–2, 84–5

see also
moral values

kafirs see
infidels Kairos theologians 84

Karamustafa, Ahmet viii, 98 Karbala massacre 53

Karzai, Hamid 95 (24) Kassam, Tazim R. viii–ix, 128 Kepel, Gilles 13

Khalidi, Rashid I. 134 Khalifa, Hajji 232 (43)

Khalilzad, Zalmay 95 (24)

al-Khassaf, Ahmad, on marriage 170–1 Khawarij 48

al-Khazin 51

al-Kindi 14

King, Martin Luther, Jr. 11, 12 al-Kisa and Lut’s story 209–15 knowledge
see
human knowledge Kugle, Scott ix, 190

law, Islamic
see
Islamic law; jurisprudence;

Shari‘ah

Liberalism

the powerful and 84–5 Progressive Islam and 79–80

response to September 11, 2001 82–4, 91

Lindh, John Walker 143 (13) literalist reading of text 123–6 literalist-exclusivists 8, 27–8 (9)

see also
fundamentalism; supremacist puritanism

literature, Islamic, books on 336 Lord’s Resistance Army 142 (5) Lot
see
Lut’s story

Loy, David 88

Lut’s story, analyses

classical, transgression and anal sex 204–5 semantic, transgression and alienation from

God 205–7

thematic, sexuality and ethics 209–13

hadith
support for 213–15

juridical punishment based on 215–19, 222–4

principles implicit in 224–5

madrasa
system 19–20

al-Mahdiyya 290

Majallat al Manar
73–4 (84–97)

Malcolm X 236, 278

(quoted) 270

Maliki tradition 49

jurists 53, 56

marriage laws 168–9, 171–2, 176, 178 punishment for homosexuality and 216–17
see also
Sunni Muslims

Marital Discord
(quoted) 173 “Market as God, The” (quoted) 88 Market Capitalism as religion 88–91

Progressive Muslim view 92 Marley, Bob 25

marriage and jurisprudence feminist apologetics 175

domestic duties 170, 178–9

dowers 177–8

polygamy, stipulations against 176–7 law, formation 167–9

sexual responsibilities 170–2, 179,

neo-conservative discourse 172–5

feminists and 165–6 Progressive Muslims on 163–5

critique and analysis 180–3

see also
feminism; jurisprudence; sexuality; women

Marriage in Islam: A Manual
174 Marxism 323

maslaha
(public interest) 56 McCloud, Aminah Beverly 273 McLeod, Dr Bruce 261

Meaning and End of Religion, The
260 Mecca

school fire, March 2002, 33–4, 37–8, 44

Saudi government reaction 63 (2)

Wahhabism and 49, 53, 54, 71 (71) media, Western

democratic Islam and 291–2 projecting Islamic radicalism 320 reportage after September 11 263–4 stereotypical images of Islam 132–4

Medina

emigration to 255

Wahhabism and 49, 53, 54

“Memo to Muslims” 95 (22) militant groups

cultural alienation 308–10

and reaction 61–2

deconstruction of traditional institutions and 48–9

publications aimed at youth groups 131–14, 315

September 11, response to and Liberal reaction 83 students 307–8

see also
violence; vulgarization of Islam

milk
(ownership) 165

millenarianism 321–2

Mississippi 1964 Freedom Summer Project 236–7

Modern Muslims books on 336–7

democracy and pluralism 288, 292

identity and challenges 44–6, 113–14

traditional authority and 5–7, 46–7

engagement between 7–9, 111–13 human constructs and 114–20 reification 121–3

text fundamentalism 123–6

Modernists 117–20, 289 modernity
see
Modern Muslims Moghissi, H 78

Mohanty, Chandra 154

Moosa, Ebrahim ix, 20, 111, 243 moral values

colonialism and 62

degeneration 38–40 political interests and 43–4

Western universalism of 40–3

see also
justice

Moro movements 328

“Mosque in America, The” (quoted) 263–4 Mosque of ‘Umar, Jerusalem 257

Mosque Report
279

Moussalli, Ahmad S. ix–x, 286

Nigeria 49

El Nimr, Raga’ 177–8 niqab
see
veils

Noah 26

Noor, Farish A. x, 320 North Africa 48

North America

Jewish involvement in interfaith dialogue 259 effects of September 11 262–3, 264–5

Muslim influence on interfaith dialogue 266–7

see also
Canada; United States of America Northern countries

effect on student choice of career 312–13 al-Muhajirun movement 320

Muhammad ‘Abduh 56

Muhammad bin ‘abd al-Wahhab
see
Wahhabism Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Qurtubi 216–17, 218 Muhammad, The Prophet

books on 333–4

government of 286–7

revelation and interfaith dialogue 252–5 example of forgiveness 255–6

sexual life of others 192–3

and
hadith
relating to 220–2 multiple critique 2–5, 155–6

Muqtader Khan 95 (22) Muslim American Society 276 Muslim Brotherhood 290, 309

Muslim Student Association (MSA) 277, 310–11, 318

effect on student choice of career 312–13 “Muslim Youth in Canadian Schools” (quoted)

315

Muslims on the Americanization Path
280

mustakbirun
81

mutawwa’un
33–4, 37–8, 63 (1)

Mu‘tazilites 9

Muttaqui, Ali 193, 196

Muwatta
171

al-Muzani, Isma‘il b. Yahya 170

Najd tribes 52

Nastoh, Hamid 190

National Christian Muslim Liaison Committee 259

National Security Strategy of the United States of America
4–5