Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror (37 page)

161 Ahmed Rashid noted: Rashid,
Jihad
, p. 210.

162 In Ahmed Rashid’s words: Ibid., p. 211.

162 When I asked two colleagues: Ahmed Rashid explains that the Taliban did not only ban women from public life; they also banned numerous male-centered activities, such as any game with a ball or music (except for drums), lest any of these entice members of either sex. See Eqbal Ahmad, “In a Land Without Music,”
Dawn
(Karachi), July 23, 1995.

162 First, the experience of: Barnett Rubin and Ashraf Ghani, conversation with author, November 16, 2001.

163 “The ideologies of war”: Eqbal Ahmad, “In Afghanistan, A Ceasefire Please,”
Dawn
(Karachi), April 7, 1991.

165 The Algerian sociologist: Quoted in Cooley,
Unholy Wars
, p. 203.

165 Cooley estimates: Ibid., pp. 203-5.

165 In the 1990s: Dahlburg, “Legacy of Fear,” especially for the three biographies. I have also relied on Stone,
Agony of Algeria
, p. 183, for my account of Kamerredin Kherbane.

168 Al-Zawahri wrote in his memoir: Cited in Wright, “Man Behind Bin Laden,” p. 67.

168 The Luxor attack: Cooley,
Unholy Wars
, pp. 185-86.

169 “Time and again,”: Ibid., pp. 88-91, 185, 195, 203-6.

170 This is why it is necessary: In an essay on September 11, Olivier Roy has usefully—even if too neatly—contrasted radical political Islam with conservative “neo-fundamentalism,” casting the former as social movements from below and the latter as vehicles of state agendas, driven from above. But the distinction is not particularly useful in understanding the dynamic that led to 9/11, mainly because Roy gives only marginal importance to the encounter with Western power during the Cold War. See Olivier Roy, “Neo-Fundamentalism,” Social Science Research Council, available at
http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/roy.htm
.

171 The first, the military resistance: My understanding of Hizbullah relies heavily on Nizar Hamzeh, “Lebanon’s Hizbullah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation,”
Third World Quarterly
14, no. 2, 1993; also published as an electronic document at Al Mashriq in collaboration with the American University of Beirut. See
http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/pspa/hamzeh2.html
.

173 Predicated on a notion: Talal Asad, “Introduction: Thinking About Secularism,” in
Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003).

174 “The revolutionary regime”: Richard Bulliet, “Twenty Years of Islamic Politics,”
The Middle East Journal
53, no. 2, spring 1999, pp. 7-9.

174 Islamist politics are driven: Olivier Roy describes as “neo-fundamentalist” all Islamist movements that share an explicit political agenda. See Roy, “Neo-Fundamentalism,” at
http://ssrc.org/sept11/essays/roy/htm
.

176 Eqbal Ahmad observed: Eqbal Ahmad, “The Afghan Lessons,”
Dawn
(Karachi), May 3, 1992.

176 Precisely when they were ready: Eqbal Ahmad, “Stalemate at Jalalabad,”
The Nation
, October 9, 1989; “The Afghan Lessons,”
Dawn
, May 3, 1992; “The War Without End,”
Dawn
, August 20, 1992.

177 John Cooley gives the example: Cooley,
Unholy Wars
, pp. 83, 86.

Chapter Four: From Proxy War to Open Aggression

181 Nicholas D. Kristof: Nicholas D. Kristof, “Cheney Didn’t Mind Saddam,”
International Herald Tribune
, October 12-13, 2002, p. 8.

181 An official army letter: Both the U.S. Army letter and Meselson cited in David Ruppe, “Army Gave Chem-Bio Warfare Training to Iraqis,” Global Security Newswire,
http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0103/012803gsn.htm
.

181 Further, a report: John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, “An Unnecessary War,”
Foreign Policy
, no. 134, January/February 2003.

181 A central figure in Reagan’s effort: Charles Glass, “Iraq Must Go!”
London Review of Books
, October 3, 2002, p. 13.

182 In spite of public revelations: Samantha Power,
“A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide
(New York: Basic Books, 2002); for details on U.S. loans and credits, see pp. 173, 176-77, 236; for details on U.S. diplomatic protection to the Iraqi regime during the time of the first and the second chemical-gas attacks, see pp. 191, 195, 200–201, 210, 230–31, 234.

182 Matters came to: Available at
http://www.gulfwarvets.com/victims.htm
and Heather Wokusch, “Lawsuit for Gulf War Veterans Targets WMD Businesses,” available at
http://heatherwokusch.com/columns/columns50.html
.

183 In his introduction: For a discussion, see Alfred W. McCoy, “‘Fallout’: The Interplay of CIA Cover Warfare and the Global Narcotics Traffic,” paper presented to the conference on the Cold War and the Civil War, Institute of African Studies, Columbia University (New York, N.Y., November 14-15, 2002, mimeographed), p. 3.

184 Former attorney general: Ramsey Clark, interview with Rasha Saad in
Al-Ahram
(Cairo), December 26, 2002.

184 Eric Hoskins, a Canadian: Cited in David Edwards and David Cromwell, “The British Liberal Press Target Iraq,” Third World Network Features,
Sunday News
(Dar-es-Salaam), July 14, 2002.

184 Thomas Friedman: Thomas Friedman, “A Rising Sense that Saddam Hussein Must Go,”
New York Times
, July 7, 1991.

184 In the worst-case: Linda Rothstein, “Editor’s Note: Loyal to a Fault,”
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists
, 59, no. 4, p. 2.

185 In October 1998: Cited in Tariq Ali,
The Clash of Fundamentalisms
, p. 145; also see Anthony Arnove, ed.,
Iraq Under Siege: The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War
(Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 2002), pp. 9-20. Also see Alex de Waal, “US War Crimes in Somalia,”
New Left Review
1, no. 230, July/August 1998.

185 Round-the-clock: This information is available on the Department of Defense Web site at
http://www.dod.gov/news/Dec1998/t12201998_t1219coh.html
. The numbers of missiles and strike sorties is at
http://www.dod.gov/news/Dec1998_t1219coh.html
.

186 A further set of resolutions: Marc Bossuyt, “The Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanctions on the Enjoyment of Human Rights,” working paper for UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, available at
http://www.scn.org/ccpi/UNreport-excerpt.html
. I am thankful to Adam Branch for bringing this report to my attention.

187 But as a working paper: Ibid., para. 62, p. 2. For further information on how the oil-for-food program operated, see Denis J. Halliday (former head of the program), “Iraq and the UN’s Weapon of Mass Destruction,”
Current History
98, no. 625, February 1999, pp. 65-68; interview with Hans von Sponeck and Denis Haliday in
The Guardian
, November 29, 2001; Hans Von Sponeck, “Too Much Collateral Damage: ‘Smart Sanctions’ Hurt Innocent Iraqis,”
The Globe and Mail
(Toronto), July 2, 2002.

187 Whereas child mortality: Not only did the north receive 22 percent more per capita in dollar-value goods from the oil-for-food program than did the center and the south, 10 percent of the value going into the northern autonomous region was in the form of cash—allowing for greater local participation—whereas only goods went into the center and the south.

189 UNICEF data “showed”: Cited in Von Sponeck, “Too Much Collateral Damage.”

189 Writing in the summer: Richard Garfield, “The Public Health Impact of Sanctions: Contrasting Responses of Iraq and Cuba,”
Middle East Report
215, summer 2000, pp. 16-17.

189 Noting that “even”: Richard Garfield, “Changes in Health and Well-Being in Iraq During the 19510s,” in
Sanctions on Iraq: Background, Consequences, Strategies
, proceedings of the conference hosted by the Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq, November 13-14, 1999, Cambridge, England, pp. 36, 50-51; Garfield, “Public Health Impact of Sanctions,” pp. 16-17.

189 By 2000, there was: Bossuyt, “Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanctions on the Enjoyment of Human Rights,” para. 63, p. 2.

190 The moral indefensibility: Ibid., p. 5, n. 59.

190 She described both her research: Joy Gordon, “Cool War: Economic Sanctions as a Weapon of Mass Destruction,”
Harper’s Magazine
, November 2002, pp.
43-49.

190 Gordon found that: Ibid., p. 47.

191 The only time: Ibid.

191 In a 1999 interview: Hans Von Sponeck, interview recorded by Grant Wakefield and Miriam Ryle, the UN building, Baghdad, April 5, 1999, available at
http://www.firethistime.org/sponeckinterview.htm
.

191 Forced to take: Bossuyt, “Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanctions on the Enjoyment of Human Rights,” para. 68, p. 3; Halliday, “Iraq and the UN’s Weapon of Mass Destruction,” p. 67; for Hans Von Sponeck’s remarks, see Agence France-Presse, “UN Aid Coordinator Quits Under US Pressure Over Iraqi Sanctions,” February 14, 2000, available at
http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/021400-01.htm
.

192 Human Rights Watch wrote: Cited in Edwards and Cromwell, “British Liberal Press Target Iraq,” p. 3.

195 The Pentagon’s response: Ben Cubby, “New, Improved and More Lethal: Son of Napalm,” available at
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/08/1060145828249.html
, August 8, 2003; James W. Crawley, “Officials Confirm Dropping Firebombs on Iraqi Troops, Results Are ‘Remarkably Similar’ to Using Napalm,”
The San Diego Union Tribune
, available at
http://www/signonsandiego.com/news/military/20030805-9515151_1n5bomb.html
.

195 According to Damacio: Damacio A. Lopez, Executive Director, International Depleted Uranium Study Team, testimony before the European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium, June 10, 2003, available at
http://www.idust.net
.

197 When the war ended:
El Pais
(Madrid), May 7, 2003; John Kampfner, “Saving Private Lynch Story ‘Flawed’,” BBC, London, May 18, 2003;
Los Angeles Times
, May 20, 2003;
New York Times
, June 3, 2003.

197 “She had lost”:
El Pais
, May 7, 2003.

198 “It was like”: Kampfner, “Saving Private Lynch Story ‘Flawed.’”

198 Robert Scheer: Robert Scheer, “Pentagon Aims Guns at Lynch Reports,”
The Nation
, posted online on May 30, 2003,
http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?!=20030616&s=scheer20030529;
and “Saving Private Lynch: Take 2,” posted online on May 20, 2003,
http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20030602&s=scheer20030520
.

198 The OSP was: Seymour M. Hersh, “Selective Intelligence,”
The New Yorker
, May 12, 2003.

199 OSP’s main: Shaun Waterman, “9/11 Report: No Iraq Link to al-Qaeda,” Washington, United Press International, July 23, 2003.

200 “It is clear that”: David Corn, “Did Bush Mislead US into War,”
The Nation
, June 26, 2003.

201 Perhaps anticipating: David Usborne, “WMD Just a Convenient Excuse for War, Admits Wolfowitz,”
The Independent
, May 30, 2003.

201 Writing in April: Cited in Anatol Lieven, “A Trap of Their Own Making,”
London Review of Books
, May 8, 2003.