American Experiment (258 page)

[Farmers like “ripe fruit”]:
William L. Garvin and S. O. Daws
, History of the National Farmers’ Alliance and Cooperative Union of America
(J. N. Rogers, 1887), pp. 49–50, quoted in Hicks, p. 110.

184
[Georgia Alliance and the “jute trust”]:
C. Vann Woodward,
Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel
(Macmillan, 1938), pp. 136, 141–42; Alex M. Arnett,
The Populist Movement in Georgia
(Columbia University Press, 1922; reprinted by AMS Press, 1967), p. 100; see also Steven Hahn,
The Roots of Southern Populism
(Oxford University Press, 1983).

[Kansas Alliance and the “twine trust”]:
Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
pp. 94–107; W. F. Rightmire, “The Alliance Movement in Kansas,” Kansas State Historical Society
Collections,
vol. 9 (1906), pp. 3–4; W. P. Harrington, “The Populist Party in Kansas,” Kansas State Historical Society
Collections,
vol. 16 (1925), pp. 405–6;
American Nonconformist
(Winfield, Kansas), April 4, 11, 1889.

[Sectionalism of postwar Democratic and Republican parties]:
Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
pp. 4–10.

[Kansas People’s Party]:
Topeka
Advocate,
June 18, 1890; Rightmire, p. 5; Harrington, pp. 410–11; Hicks, pp. 155–56.

185
[Simpson]:
Paul Dean Harper,
The Speechmaking of Jerry Simpson
(M.A. thesis, Kansas State College of Pittsburg, 1967), pp. 30–44; O. Gene Clanton,
Kansas Populism
(UniversityPress of Kansas, 1969), pp. 82–87.

185
[Simpson on debate with Hallowell]:
quoted in Clanton, p. 86.

[Diggs on Alliance women]:
Annie L. Diggs, “The Women in the Alliance Movement,”
The Arena,
no. 32 (July 1892). pp. 163–64.

[Diggs]:
Ross E. Paulson, “Annie LePorte Diggs,” in Edward T.James, ed.,
Notable American Women, 1607–1950
(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971), vol. 1, pp. 481–82; Walter T. K. Nugent,
The Tolerant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism
(University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 135.

[Lease]:
Diggs, “Women in the Alliance Movement,” pp. 165–67; Clanton, pp. 73–78;
American Nonconformist,
September 25, 1890.

[“Pinning sheets of notes”]:
Clanton, p. 74.

186
[“A golden voice”]:
William Allen White,
The Autobiography of William Allen White
(Macmillan, 1946), p. 218.

[Diggs on Lease’s voice]:
Diggs, “Women in the Alliance Movement,” p. 166.

[“Less corn and more Hell!”]:
quoted in Elizabeth Barr, “The Populist Uprising,” in William E. Connelley,
History of Kansas: State and People
(American Historical Society, 1928), vol. 2, p. 1166.

[Kansas Populists in the elections of 1890 and 1892]:
Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
pp. 200–201; 317–18; Nugent, pp. 91–93, 123–24.

[“First People’s party government on earth”]:
Clanton, p. 129.

[“Incendiary Haymarket inaugural”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 131.

[Kansas tug-of-war]: ibid.,
pp. 131–36; Barr in Connelley, pp. 1184–98.

187
[Goodwyn on the People’s Party]:
Goodwyn,
Populist Moment,
pp. 126–27.

[Woodward on complexities of race]:
Woodward,
Watson,
p. 220.

[Populism and American blacks]:
Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
ch. 10; Norman Pollack, ed.,
The Populist Mind
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), part 4, ch. 2.

[Watson]
: Woodward,
Watson, passim.

188
[“I did not lead the Alliance”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 140.

[Watson’s 1890 campaign for Congress]: ibid.,
pp. 146–50, 156–61; Arnett, pp. 113–14.

[“Nebuchadnezzar’s furnace”]:
quoted in Arnett, p. 114.

[Watson in Congress]:
Woodward,
Watson,
ch. 12.

[Watson on economic basis for black-white division]:
Watson, “The Negro Question in the South,”
The Arena,
no. 35 (October 1892), pp. 540–50, in Pollack, pp. 361–74, quoted at p. 371.

[Watson’s 1892 electoral defeat]:
Woodward,
Watson,
pp. 227–43; Arnett, pp. 143–55.

[Texas Alliance Exchange]:
Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
pp. 125–42.

189
[Sublreasury as instrument of political revolt]: ibid.,
p. 243.

[Founding of People’s Party of Texas]: ibid.,
pp. 285–91; Martin, pp. 36–41.

[Donnelly’s St. Louis address]:
quoted in Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
p. 265.

[Omaha convention]: ibid.,
pp. 270–72; George B. Tindall, “The People’s Party,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of U.S. Political Parties
(Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 1714–16.

[People’s Party platform, 1892]:
Pollack, pp. 60–66, quoted at pp. 63, 64.

[Populist campaign and election results]:
Tindall in Schlesinger, vol. 2, pp. 1716–18; Theodore Saloutos,
Farmer Movements in the South, 1865–1933
(University of California Press, 1960), pp. 133–35.

[“A regular walking omelet”]:
quoted in Barr in Connelley, p. 1183.

192
[
“Government… for the benefit of Senators”]:
Henry Adams,
Democracy
(Farrar, Straus and Young, n.d.), pp. 22–23.

[Emerson and Burroughs on Whitman’s eyes]:
quoted in Mark Van Doren, “Walt Whitman,” in Dumas Malone, ed.,
Dictionary of American Biography,
vol. 20 (Scribner’s, 1936), p. 146.

[Parrington on Whitman]:
Vernon L. Parrington,
Main Currents in American Thought
(Harcourt, Brace, 1927), vol. 3, p. 69.

[
Whitman’s familiarity with Mill and Tocqueville]:
see Roger Asselineau,
The Evolution of Walt Whitman
(Harvard University Press, 1960–62), vol. 2, pp. 331–32.

[Whitman on “our great experiment”]:
quoted in Parrington, vol. 3, p. 72.

192–3
[“I chant … the common bulk”]:
quoted in Asselineau, vol. 2, p. 154.

193
[“Divine average”]:
see “Starting from Paumanok,” in Whitman,
Leaves of Grass
(Doubleday, Doran, 1929), p. 17.

[Whitman on Whitman, “a kosmos”]:
“Song of Myself,” in
ibid.,
pp. 43–44.
[Whitman in the Brooklyn
Eagle]: Whitman,
The Gathering of the Forces,
Cleveland Rodgers and John Black, eds., 2 vols. (Putnam’s, 1920).

[Whitman on equality, including female]:
“Preface to 1855 Edition,” in
Leaves of Grass,
p. 491. See also F. O. Matthiessen,
American Renaissance
(Oxford University Press, 1946), ch. 13.

[“Pride, competition, segregation”]: Democratic Vistas
(1871) in Whitman,
Prose Works, 1892,
Floyd Stovall, ed. (New York University Press, 1963–64), vol. 2, pp. 361–426, quoted at p. 422.

[“The People!”]: ibid.,
p. 376.
[“Pervading flippancy and vulgarity”]: ibid.,
p. 372.

[Whitman on need for natural leaders]:
see Asselineau, vol. 2, pp. 154–55.

194
[Marx on class flux in the United States]:
“The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,”in Robert C. Tucker, ed.,
The Marx-Engels Reader
(W. W. Norton, 1972), p. 444.

[Mr Gore and Mrs. Lee on democracy in America]:
Adams, pp. 53, 54.

94–5
[Republican convention, 1868]:
quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of U.S. Political Parties
(Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 1337, 1340.

195
[Journalist on Ohio “conspiracy”]:
Rollin Hartt, “The Ohioans,”
Atlantic Monthly,
vol. 84 (1899), p. 690.

[Pre-Civil War Ohio politics]:
Stephen E. Maizlish,
The Triumph of Sectionalism: The Transformation of Ohio Politics, 1844–1856
(Kent State University Press, 1983).

[Hartt on Ohio]:
“The Ohioans,” p. 682.

196
[“A neighborly place”]:
Walter Havighurst,
Ohio: A Bicentennial History
(W. W. Norton, 1976), p. 138.

[Ohio boxing the compass]:
Hartt, p. 684.

[Ohio cities]:
Havighurst, p. 121.

[Growth of city populations]:
John Sherman,
Recollections of Forty Years
(Werner, 1895), vol. 1, p. 71.

[City culture and industry]:
Havighurst, pp. 109–18, 150; William Rose,
Cleveland: The Making of a City
(World, 1950); Writers’ Program,
Cincinnati
(Wiesen-Hart Press, 1943; reprinted by Somerset Publishers, 1973).

197
[Impact of railroads]:
Hartt, p. 680; Sherman, vol. 1, p. 70.

[“Smoke means business”]:
Hartt, p. 681.

[Cities and blacks]:
David Gerber,
Black Ohio and the Color Line
(University of Illinois Press, 1976); W. A. Joiner,
A Half Century of Freedom of the Negro in Ohio
(1915; reprinted by Books for Libraries Press, 1977).

[Basis of old Ohio civilization]:
Havighurst, p. 115.

[Young Ohio leaders]:
Felice A. Bonadio,
North of Reconstruction: Ohio Politics, 1865–1870
(New York University Press, 1970), pp. 24–27.

198
[Faith of the new leaders]: ibid.,
p. 30.

[Array of Ohio leadership]:
see William Dean Howells,
Stories of Ohio
(American Book, 1897), chs. 24–25.

[Ohio’s “treacherous”politics]:
Bonadio, p. 22. On Ohio leadership and politics generally, see collections in Ohio Historical Society, especially the Charles Kurtz Papers and the William Henry Smith Papers.

[“Every man for himself]:
Cox to Aaron Perry, January 25, 1867, quoted in Bonadio, p. 73.

[Garfield]:
Margaret Leech and Harry J. Brown,
The Garfield Orbit
(Harper & Row, 1978); Allan Peskin,
Garfield
(Kent State University Press, 1978); Theodore Clarke Smith,
The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield
(Yale University Press, 1925), vol. 1; James D. Norris and Arthur H. Shaffer, eds.,
Politics and Patronage in the Gilded Age: The Correspondence of James A. Garfield and Charles E. Henry
(State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1970).

199
[Sherman]:
Theodore E. Burton,
John Sherman
(Houghton Mifflin, 1906); Sherman,
Recollections.

200
[Hayes]:
Harry Barnard,
Rutherford B. Hayes and His America
(Bobbs-Merrill. 1954); H.J. Eckenrode,
Rutherford B. Hayes: Statesman of Reunion
(Dodd, Mead, 1930).

[“Not too much hard work”]:
quoted in Barnard, p. 242.

[Hayes on reform of appointments]:
diary entry of March 28, 1875, in Charles R. Williams, ed.,
Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes
(Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1922–26), vol. 3, p. 269.

[“Grantism”]:
William S. McFeely,
Grant: A Biography
(W. W. Norton, 1981), chs. 24–25; Thomas A. Bailey,
A Diplomatic History of the American People,
9th ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1974), pp. 379, 383.

[Waite]
: PeterC. Magrath,
Morrison R. Waite: The Triumph of Character
(Macmillan, 1963).

201
[Hayes on push and shove]:
quoted in Bonadio, p. 27.

[The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877]:
C. Vann Woodward,
Reunion and Reaction
(Little, Brown, 1951); Keith Ian Polakoff,
The Politics of Inertia
(Louisiana State University Press, 1973]: Allan Peskin, “Was There a Compromise of
1877?” Journal of American History,
vol. 60, no. 1 (June 1973), pp. 63–75; C. Vann Woodward, “Yes, There Was a Compromise of 1877,”
ibid.,
pp. 215–23.

203
[Huntington’s direct action]:
Woodward,
Reunion and Reaction, op. cit.,
pp. 235–36.

[Josephson on the talkers and the actors]:
Matthew Josephson,
The Politicos
(Harcourt, Brace, 1938). p. vii.

[Constriction of the Fourteenth Amendment]: U.S.
v.
Cruikshank,
92 U.S. 542 (1876), quoted at pp. 545–55; Civil rights cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).

[Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment]:
Howard Jay Graham, “The Early Antislavery Backgrounds of the Fourteenth Amendment,”
Wisconsin Law Review
(May 1950), pp. 479–661; Jacobus ten Broek,
The Antislavery Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment
(University of California Press, 1951); Raoul Berger,
Government by Judiciary
(Harvard University Press, 1977); Joseph B. James,
The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment
(University of Illinois Press, 1956).

204
[Conkling’s interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment]:
Kenneth Stampp,
The Era of Reconstruction: 1865–1877
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1975). pp. 137–38.

[Women and the Fourteenth Amendment]:
Ellen C. Du Bois,
Feminism and Suffrage
(Cornell University Press, 1978), pp. 58–62, 65; Bettina Aptheker,
Woman’s Legacy
(University of Massachusetts Press, 1982), ch. 2.

[Anthony’s vote and arrest]:
Alma Lutz,
Susan B. Anthony: Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian
(Beacon Press, 1959), pp. 198–213, quoted at p. 201.

[Virginia Minor case]: Minor
v.
Happersett,
88 U.S. 162 (1875).

[Hopes for a new North-South party of property]:
Woodward, ch. 2.

[Raleigh
Observer
on reviving the Whig Party]:
April 4, 1877, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 39.

205
[Continuing strength of the Democratic party]:
Jerome Mushkat,
The Reconstruction of the NewYork Democracy
(Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981).